Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
By:
Rizky Yolanda
0203514095
State University of Semarang
2015
Introduction
Translation typically has been used to transfer written or spoken SL texts to equivalent
written or spoken TL texts. In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of
texts including religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts in another language and thus
making them available to wider readers.
If language were just a classification for a set of general or universal concepts, it would be
easy to translate from an SL to a TL; furthermore, under the circumstances the process of
learning an L2 would be much easier than it actually is. In this regard, Culler (1976) believes that
languages are not nomenclatures and the concepts of one language may differ radically from
those of another, since each language articulates or organizes the world differently, and
languages do not simply name categories; they articulate their own. The conclusion likely to be
drawn from what Culler (1976) writes is that one of the troublesome problems of translation is
the disparity among languages. The bigger the gap between the SL and the TL, the more difficult
the transfer of message from the former to the latter will be.
"Kindergarten" would be "garden of children," but in English the expression refers to the school
year between pre-school and first grade.
D. Transposition
This is the mechanical process whereby parts of speech "play musical chairs" (Fawcett's
analogy) when they are translated. Grammatical structures are not often identical in different
languages. For example, in English phrase Trade secrets and confidential become rahasia
dagang in Bahasa Indonesia.
E. Modulation
Modulation slightly more abstract than transposition, this consists of using a phrase that
is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea - "nobody doesnt like it" "semua orang menyukai itu".
F. Reformulation (sometimes known as equivalence)
Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when
translating idioms or, even harder, advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always
easy.
G. Adaptation
Here something specific to the source language culture is expressed in a totally different way
that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes
it is problematic, to say the least. For example, as white as snow become seputih kapas.
H. Compensation
Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text. For example,
if the aim of a translation method is to produce a foreignising version, then borrowing will be
one of the most frequently used translation techniques.
Newmark (1988) mentions to the following methods of translation:
1. Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words
translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
2. Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their
nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
3. Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original
within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
4. Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take
more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
5. Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays
(comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture
is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
6. Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.
7. Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort
nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in
the original.
TL EMPHASIS ON
Word-for-word translation
Literal translation
Faithful translation
Semantic translation
Adaptation
Free translation
Idiomatic translation
Communicative translation
According to Larson (1984) translation method is divided into two categories. First
category is from-based or literal translation. Secondly, it is meaning based or idiomatic
translation. By literal translations, he means, the translation faithfully follows the form of the SL.
On the other hand, the idiomatic translation tries to convey the meaning intended by the SL
writer in a natural form of the receptor language. Larson then adds that in applying the literal
translation, there is rarely a true literal translation. The methods spread in the continuum from
very literal, to literal, to modified literal, to near idiomatic, idiomatic, and unduly free. The
continuum is drawn as follow:
Prior to Newmark and Larson, Robet Holmes (1970) cited in Gentzler (1993) mentions
that there are four methods of translation, as follows:
Conclusion
Translation techniques and methods are different in characteristics and uses. Each
technique and method has its own advantages that differ according to the texts under translation.
No one can judge the validity and prevalence of one techniques and methods over the other. It is
up to the translator to choose the one he sees more practical and helpful in his translation task.
Besides, the translator may restrict himself to one technique and method, or exceed it to two,
three, or even four techniques and methods in the same translated text.
References
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