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Chemical reactions are generally carried out at constant pressure (atmospheric pressure) so it has
been found useful to define a new state function enthalpy ( H ) .
H U PV
dH dU d ( PV )
Or at constant pressure
dH dU PdV
Hf
Uf
Vf
Hi
Ui
Vi
dH dU P dV
Or H
Combining with first law,
U PV
H
H
dH
dT
dP
T P
P T
H
dH CP dT
dP
P T
OR
CASE-I:
CASE-II:
CASE-III:
CASE-IV:
H
because there is no interaction between molecules of gas.
0
P T
dH CP dT (always)
For a real gas undergoing isobaric process; dP 0
dH CP dT
For solids & liquids dP 0 & C p Cv C
dH CdT
In chemical reaction or phase transformation in which gaseous phase is present
dH dU RT .dn
Hf
Uf
nf
Hi
Ui
ni
dH dU RT dn
OR
Or
H U ng RT
*CASE-V:
H of (element ) 0
Q.1
If
Q.2
300K &1bar pressure. Now mixture is heated & Al ( s ) reacts with Cl2 ( g ) as2 Al ( s) 3Cl2 ( g ) 2 AlCl3 ( s); H 342 Kcal / mole
2
Given : area of piston is 500 cm and it moves by 48 cm . Calculate heat exchange at
constant pressure in KCal for the above process. Consider ideal gas system.
Ans. 114
Q.3
1150Kcal heat is released when following reaction is carried out at constant volume at
250 C
Q.4
1 mole of a real gas is subjected to a process from (2bar , 40l ,300 K ) (4bar ,30l , 400 K )
If change in internal energy is
Q.5
Ans. 1152.4Kcal
20KJ
24KJ
At 300 K, the standard enthalpies of formation of C6H5COOH(s), CO2 (g) & H2O(l) are
408, 393 & 286 kJ mol 1 respectively .
Calculate the heat of combustion of benzoic acid at:
(i) constant pressure
(ii) constant volume.
Q.6
Q.7
Calculate net enthalpy change when one mole real gas undergo a change in state by
following path
adiabatic irrev. process
( P1,V1, T1 )
( P2 ,V1, T2 )
( P3 ,V2 , T3 )