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113
INTRODUCTION
In concentric metallic sheaths of single-core high voltage power cables induced
voltages occur. In the steady state, these voltages may reach value of several hundred
volts and electric shock risk exists then. In case of earth fault, induced sheath voltages
are much higher, even several kilovolts, and breakdown of non-metallic outer sheath of
cables may occur [17].
For a conductor k lying parallel with a three phase system (three conductors)
a voltage gradient Uk induced along its length can be calculated as follows
1 m m
U k j I 2 10 7 ln Ak Ck
2 mBk
3 mCk ,
j
ln
2 mAk
(1)
where: I load current in the reference cable conductor (phase B), mAk axial spacing
of the parallel k conductor and phase A conductor, mAk axial spacing of the parallel k
conductor and phase B conductor, mAk axial spacing of the parallel k conductor and
phase C conductor.
A high voltage cable system can be represented by the structure drawn in Fig. 1 [1].
114
U1
I1
R1
Conductor 1
X1
U2
I2
R2
Conductor 2
X2
Un
In
Rn
Conductor n
Xn
Local earth
Local earth
Uepr1
RLE1
IE
RE
Uepr2
RLE2
UE
XE
Figure 1 Equivalent scheme of a high voltage cable system: R1,2,n resistance of the
conductors, X1,2,n reactance of the conductors, RLE resistance to earth, I1,2,n current
in the conductors, IE earth current, Uepr earth potential rise [1]
A cable sheath may be considered as a special parallel concentric conductor.
When in the vicinity of the system is no other current-carrying conductors, voltage
gradients of the sheaths for a group of cables in any formation are given by [8]
2
1 2mAB
3 2mAC ,
j
U As j I 2 10 7 ln
ln
2 d
2 d mAC
1 4m m
U Bs j I 2 10 7 ln AB BC
d2
2
(2)
3 mBC ,
j
ln
2
mAB
(3)
1 2mBC
j 3 ln 2mAC ,
U Cs j I 2 10 7 ln
2 d m
2 d
AC
(4)
where: UAs, UBs, UCs, induced sheath voltages in phase A, B and C respectively, I
load current in the reference cable conductor, d geometric mean sheath diameter, mAB
axial spacing of phases A and B, mBC axial spacing of phases B and C, mAC axial
spacing of phases A and C.
For trefoil formation in single circuit, induced sheath voltages are calculated
according to the following equations
1
3 2m
U As j I 2 10 7 j
ln
2
2 d
2m ,
U Bs j I 2 10 7 ln
(5)
(6)
Journal of Information, Control and Management Systems, Vol. 12, (2014), No. 2
1
3 2m ,
U Cs j I 2 10 7 j
ln
2
2 d
115
(7)
where: UAs, UBs, UCs, induced sheath voltages in phase A, B and C respectively, I
load current in the reference cable conductor, d geometric mean sheath diameter, m
axial spacing of adjacent cables.
When flat formation in single circuit is applied, induced sheath voltages are
calculated according to the following equations
1 m
3 4m ,
U As j I 2 10 7 ln j
ln
2 d
2
d
(8)
2m ,
U Bs j I 2 10 7 ln
(9)
1 m
3 4m
.
U Cs j I 2 10 7 ln j
ln
2 d
2
d
(10)
For multiple-circuit system the calculations are more complicated and a computer
model of the power cable system must be designed. The more parallel circuits the more
complicated calculation is.
Induced sheath voltages exist during normal operating condition (long time
duration of induced voltages) and in case of earth fault (short time duration of induced
voltages). These voltages should not exceed values described by the standards.
Figure 2 presents permissible values of touch voltage as a function of fault duration
[9]. For normal operating condition, 80 V is assumed as a permissible value.
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
80 V
100
0
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,5
10
>> 10
116
single point bonding or, for sheath voltages limiting purpose, cross-bonding is applied
and analysed. The proposed configuration of the power cable system is indicated.
COMPARED POWER CABLE SYSTEMS
Induced sheath voltages were analyzed with the use of DIgSILENT
PowerFactory software. The following general arrangements of the power cable
system were considered:
1) One cable per phase (single circuit system) Distance between adjacent cables
(C1-C2 and C2-C3) inside the section is equal to the outside diameter of the cable
(D in Fig. 3). The number of analysed configurations is equal to 6.
2) Two cables per phase (double circuit system) Distance between adjacent
cables (C1-C2 and C2-C3) inside the section is equal to the outside diameter of the
cable (D in Fig. 4). Distance to adjacent cables between circuits is equal to twice of the
outside diameter of the cable (2D in Fig. 2). The number of analysed configurations is
equal to 36.
Configurations: W5a, W6a, W6b
C1
Sh1
C2
Sh2
C3 Sh3
Cross-bonding
T1 (A), 500 m
T1 (B), 500 m
D
ECC
ECC
Ush
E1
E2
A B C
A B C
Figure 3 The power cable system with one cable per phase
C1
Sh1
C2
Sh2
T1 (B), 500 m
D
ECC
C3 Sh3
Cross-bonding
T1 (A), 500 m
ECC
Ush
2D
E1
C1
Sh1
C2
Sh2
C3 Sh3
E2
Cross-bonding
T2 (A), 500 m
T2 (B), 500 m
D
ECC
ECC
Ush
E1
A B C
E2
A B C
Figure 4 The power cable system with two cables per phase
Journal of Information, Control and Management Systems, Vol. 12, (2014), No. 2
117
The cable systems described above are equipped with an earth continuity
conductor (ECC). Various configurations of earthing and bonding of cables were
assumed (Table 1).
Table 1 List and symbols of the analyzed configurations
Symbol of analysed configuration
One cable per
Two cables per
phase
phase
W5a
W3a
W6a
W4a
W6b
W4b
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
1
Loa
d cu
315
0.9
rre
nt u
0.8
nifo
rmi
ty (
IIm
in /I
ma )
x
310
305
0.7
300
Powe
sfer c
r tran
ility (M
apab
W)
118
b)
130
120
110
100
90
80
1
Loa
d cu
315
0.9
rre
nt u
nifo
rmi 0.8
ty (
IIm
in /I
ma )
x
310
305
0.7
300
s
r tran
Powe
fer ca
W
ity (M
pabil
c)
65
60
55
50
45
40
1
Loa
d cu
rre 0.9
nt u
nifo
rmi 0.8
ty (
IIm
315
310
305
in /I
ma )
x
0.7
300
y (M
it
pabil
f er c a
s
r tran
Powe
W)
Journal of Information, Control and Management Systems, Vol. 12, (2014), No. 2
119
the cable conductors. Figure 7 presents induced sheath voltages for the most favourable
configurations.
a)
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
300
350
300
350
b)
Induced sheath voltage (V)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
0
50
100
150
200
250
c)
Induced sheath voltage (V)
105
100
95
90
85
80
0
50
100
150
200
250
120
These are the configurations: W3a (sheaths bonding and earthing in E1, crossbonding in E2) and W4b (single-point bonding; sheaths bonding and earthing in E2).
Figure 7 also includes detailed information about phase sequence in particular circuit
(e.g. ABC/CBA phase sequence in circuit T1 is ABC, phase sequence in circuit T2 is
CBA) and induced sheath voltage in particular cable metallic sheath (e.g. W3a(T1C1)
induced voltages in circuit T1 and conductor C1 for configuration W3a).
a)
Phase sequence in section
ABC/CBA
ACB/BCA
BAC/CAB
BCA/ACB
CAB/BAC
CBA/ABC
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
W3a(T1C1)
W3a(T1C2)
W3a(T1C3)
W3a(T2C1)
W3a(T2C2)
W3a(T2C3)
b)
Phase sequence in section
ABC/CBA
ACB/BCA
BAC/CAB
BCA/ACB
CAB/BAC
CBA/ABC
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
W4b(T1C1)
W4b(T1C2)
W4b(T1C3)
W4b(T2C1)
W4b(T2C2)
W4b(T2C3)
Figure 7 Induced sheath voltages in normal operating conditions for the preferred
configurations of cables: a) configuration W3a sheaths bonding and earthing in E1,
cross-bonding in E2, b) configuration W4b single-point bonding; sheaths bonding
and earthing in E2
Journal of Information, Control and Management Systems, Vol. 12, (2014), No. 2
121
10000
9500
9000
8500
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
5000
1
b)
Induced sheath voltage (V)
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
1
122
c)
Induced sheath voltage (V)
5700
5600
5500
5400
5300
5200
5100
5000
1
6600
6400
6200
6000
5800
5600
5400
5200
5000
0
12
18
24
30
36
30
36
b)
Induced sheath voltage (V)
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
5000
0
12
18
24
Journal of Information, Control and Management Systems, Vol. 12, (2014), No. 2
123
c)
Induced sheath voltage (V)
3950
3900
3850
3800
3750
3700
3650
3600
3550
3500
0
12
18
24
30
36
ACB/BCA
BAC/CAB
BCA/ACB
CAB/BAC
CBA/ABC
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
W4b(T1C1)
W4b(T1C2)
W4b(T1C3)
W4b(T2C1)
W4b(T2C2)
W4b(T2C3)
Figure 10 Induced sheath voltages in case of earth fault for the most favourable
configuration of cables: configuration W4b single-point bonding; sheaths bonding
and earthing in E2
124
CONCLUSIONS
Computer-aided calculation of the induced sheath voltages in power cable system
allows finding the optimal configuration of the system, with covering technical and
economic aspects. In the considered cases the preferred configuration is the
configuration W4b (two cables per phase, single-point bonding; sheaths bonding and
earthing in E2). This configuration gives acceptable values of induced sheath voltages
and the highest power transfer capability. Power system with two cables per phase,
instead of single cable system with large cross-section of conductor, should be
recommended.
REFERENCES
[1]
CIGRE, Working group B1.18, Special bonding of high voltage power cables,
October 2005.
[2] CZAPP, S.: Principles of protection against electric skock in high voltage power
lines (Zasady ochrony przeciwporazeniowej w liniach elektroenergetycznych
wysokiego napiecia). Journal Automatyka Elektryka Zaklocenia, vol. 13, no. 3,
pp. 822, 2013, http://epismo-aez.pl/, (in Polish).
[3] CZAPP, S., DOBRZYNSKI, K., KLUCZNIK, J., LUBOSNY, Z.: Computeraided analysis of induced sheath voltages in high voltage power cable system.
The 10th International Conference on Digital Technologies 2014, Zilina,
Slovakia, 911.07.2014, pp. 4450, IEEE Catalog Number CFP14CDT-USB.
[4] JUNG, C. K., LEE, J. B., KANG, J. W., WANG Xinheng, SONG Yong-Hua:
Characteristics and reduction of sheath circulating currents in underground
power cable systems. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems,
vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 117, 2004.
[5] de LEON, F.: Major factors affecting cable ampacity. IEEE Power Engineering
Society General Meeting (PES), 2006.
[6] TZIOUVARAS, D. A.: Protection of high-voltage AC cables. Power Systems
Conference: Advanced Metering, Protection, Control, Communication and
Distributed Resources PS '06, pp. 316328, 2006.
[7] LI, Zhonglei, DU, B. X., WANG, L., YANG, C., LIU, H. J.: The calculation of
circulating current for the single-core cables in smart grid. Innov. Smart Grid
Technologies, ISGT, Asia, 2124 May, 2012.
[8] ANSI/IEEE Std 575-1988, IEEE Guide for the application of sheath-bonding
methods for single-conductor cables and the calculation of induced voltages and
currents in cable sheaths.
[9] EN 50522:2010 Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.
[10] LEE, J. B., JUNG, Ch. K.: Technical review on parallel ground continuity
conductor of underground cable systems. Journal of International Council on
Electrical Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 250256, 2012.