Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
IS is needed because
Changing Role of IS
o
o
o
o
Return on Investment
Profitability
Competition
Market Ability
Description of Failure
The IS fails to meet its designated
objectives.
The IS overruns its budget or time
constraints
The users maintain low or noninteraction with the IS
The IS does not meet stakeholders
expectations.
Levels of Failure
Level one is considered minor. Final IS project does still meet its
objectives and is completed.
Level two failure is major. IS project does not meet all requirements and
will not be achieved within budget and one time.
Level three is critical failure. IS project odes not meet any of its
requirements and objectives. Most likely to be scrapped after running
over time and budget.
LEVEL ONE
(MINOR)
- Profitability
- Poor Estimates
- Unproven Technology
- Lack of Resources
- Lack of Features
- Lack of Usability
- Lack of Project
organization
- Transparency in IS
Project
- Progress Meetings
LEVEL OF FAILURE
LEVEL TWO
(MAJOR)
- Goals not all achieved
- Complex Solutions
- Lack of Planning
- Lack of User Involvement
- Lack of Resources
- Lack of Commitment
- Unrealistic Expectations
- Lack of Executive Support
- Changing requirements and
specifications
- Schedule overrun
- Budget overrun
- Poor leadership and
management
- Debugging incomplete
- Lack of ownership
- Too many vested interests
LEVEL THREE
(CRITICAL)
- Scrapped Before
Completion
- Vendors Inability to
meet
requirements
- Client consultation
during
development stage.
Turner, J.R.
(1993)
- User Involvement
- Executive mgt.
support
- Competent Staff
- On time, under
budget
- Satisfies owners
needs
- Teamwork
- No Politics
funding
- Low start-up
difficulties
- No Politics
CHOAS REPORT
(1994)
- User Involvement
- Executive mgt.
support
- Clear
Requirements
- Proper Planning
- Realistic
Expectations
- Smaller
Milestones
- Competent Staff
- Ownership
- Clear Vis. & Obj.
- Hard Working
Staff
- Leadership
- Teamwork
- No Politics
Wateridge, J.
(1995)
- Project achieved
purpose
- Satisfactory
benefit to
owner
- Satisfied needs to
owner
- Meets pre-stated
objectives
- On time, under
budget
- Satisfied project
team
needs
Whitaker, B.
(1999)
- Good Project
Planning
- Strong Bus. Case
- Tom mgt.
Support
- Schedule time
keeping
- Within Budget
- Good Estimates
- Strong
requirements
- Ability to meet
req.
Boehm, B.
(2002)
- Complete
requirements
- User Involvement
- Resources
- Realistic
Expectations
- Executive
Support
- No scope
extension
Solution
o Take time to educate upper management
o Evaluate technology and report findings
Solution
Solution
o Involve a good mix of the intended end users in every phase of the
project
Solution
o Create a detailed project specification, sign off it before starting the
work
Delays in completion
o Changes to feature set
o Changes to underlying architecture of the system
o Poor estimation at the start of the project
o Key employees assigned to new projects, new employees fill the
gap and extra time getting up to the speed on the project
Solution
o Good Project management
o Carefully monitor the progress
Cost
o
o
o
o
overruns
Delays in completion
IT personnel demanding large salary and more extensive perks
Talented employees changing jobs more often
Increased cost for training, recruitment
Solution
o Good design and strong project management
o Reusing standard components
o Reducing the staff turnover
Excellent leadership and management practices
Competitive compensation packages
Career advancement opportunities
Insufficient testing
o Expensive to create a proper test plan
o Expensive and time consuming to conduct the testing
o Pressure to deliver the project
Pressure from deadline and budget
Solution
o Thorough testing built into project budget
o Never make up for delays by reducing the amount of Testing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
unique purpose
temporary
involve uncertainty
Project Management:
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and
techniques to project activities in order to meet project requirements
(PMI*, Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 2000, p.
6)
Project management is the discipline of initiating, planning, executing,
controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and
meet specific success criteria.
In addition to meeting project requirements, its also important to satisfy
key stakeholders and make sure the results of the project benefit the
organization.
PM Triple Constraints
Time
Cost
Scope
These constraints are very important. All these three constraints needs to be
properly managed while executing a project. These constraints define the
right direction of the project. Milestone in a project should be properly
monitored, along with the cost incurred and whether the scope is being
fulfilled.
Project Management Framework:
A project management framework is the use of tools and processes to
transition a project from start to finish. A generic process includes: initiate,
plan, execute, control, monitor, and terminate. There are three main parts
to a project management framework, which are lifecycle, control cycle, and
tools and templates.
A project management framework is a combination of processes, tasks, and
tools used by individuals working on a project to transition a project from
start to finish. An overview of a generic process used by this framework is:
Each stage of this process involves the completion of many tasks by project
team members using various tools.
Availability of funding
With all of the tools, technologies, systems, plans, charts, diagrams and so
on that project managers have at their disposal, its easy to forget that
projects succeed based on the people involved and more specifically,
whether theyre competent or not. For a successful project credit can directly
be given to the skill and ability of the people involved.
Project sponsors & project executives with important job titles are great at
authorizing project managers to do their job but theyre often not so
great at giving them the autonomy they need to succeed.
As a result, many project managers and their teams spend an enormous
amount of time either wrestling for control of their project, or just as often,
desperately trying to protect the integrity of their project from outsiders who
arent adding any value.
Perhaps the simplest way of saying this is that autonomy and success are go
hand-in-hand. Get rid of the former, and the latter is more by luck, and less
by design
Good project management software is a fundamental requirement that
enables success of a project.
Project Management Tools & Techniques
Project management tools and techniques assist project managers and their
teams in various aspects of project management some specific ones include:
1. Scope Management: Business cases, project
statements, and work breakdown structures
charters,
scope
Leadership skills:
Communication skills:
Lower costs
Improved productivity
toolbox
(use
ad
hoc,
consistent,
integrated,
Lecture- 3
Topic: - IT Outsourcing
Date: 11.01.2016
What is Outsourcing?
Outsourcing means that the company divests itself of the resources to fulfil a
particular activity to another company to focus more effectively on its own
competence (NEVI, 2000)
Why Outsource?
Provide services that are scalable, secure, and efficient, while improving
overall service and reducing costs.
Outsourcing as a business concept:
Organizations turn to outsourcing to enhance their competitiveness
Major characteristics of outsourcing: 1. Activities that initially were performed in-house are transferred to an
external party
2. Assets and people go over to that external party
3. There will be an extended relationship between the parties involved
over a longer period of time
4. In transferring the activity to the external party the buyer is exposed
to both a cost-and risk profile, both of which are new to the companies
involved
1. Buyer
has
responsibility for
processes
Disadvantages
minimal
outsourced
goes
Dimensions of Outsourcing: -
Advantages
Disadvantages
What to Outsource:
Strategic
Non-Strategic
Competitive
Not
Outsourced
Grey
Area
Non-Competitive
In House
if Possible
Outsource
Supporting factors
Mutual dependence
Open lines for communication
to
customer
Communication in a SO project: