3G RF Optimization

W-RF Optimization Operations Guide For internal use only 2006-01-18 Huawei Confidential No Spreading
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Confidentiality level
WCDMA RNP
For internal use only
Product version
Total 68 pages
3.1
W-RF Optimization Operations Guide

(For internal use only)
Prepared
by
He Fengming
Date
200601-18
Reviewed
by
Xie Zhibin, Jiao Anqiang, Hua Yunlong, Hu

Wensu, Wan Liang, Ai Hua, and Yan Lin
Date
200603-15
Reviewed
by
Qin Yan
Date
200603-15
Approved by
Date
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved
Revision Records
Date
Revised
version
Description
Author
200412-05
1.00
Initial transmittal
Zhou Xinjie
200503-02
1.01
Revising it according to review
Zhou Xinjie
200601-18
3.0
Simplifying tasks of RF optimization,

enhancing operability, and adding content
based on KPI optimization
He
Fengming
200602-27
3.01
Replacing CQT method with indoor test;

Clarifying solution scale of interference and
access problems; Deleting content of
removing neighbor cells; updating RF
optimization flow chat
He
Fengming
20063.02
Removing content of repeaters and
He
Without Permission Page
3 of 68
03-15
baseline; Adding optimization target and
method
for SHO Factor based on DT;
Table
of Contents
Fengming
updating partial cases; adding cases for

cluster division; Combining blind coverage
and coverage voids to weak coverage;
Chapter 1 Introduction to RF
adding simple method for removing
Optimization..................................................................................10
neighbor cells
1.1 Contents of RF
Optimization...............................................................................................10
2006- 3.03
According to the review by change control
He
1.2 Document 04-18
board (CCB), changing the interval of VP
Fengming
Structure.............................................................................................................10
tests to 15s, adding other simple causes to
imbalance of uplink and downlink,
Chapter 2 Basic Processes for RF
correcting some grammatical mistakes.
Optimization.........................................................................12
2.1 Flow Chat of RF
2006- 3.1
Adding HSDPA-related content; changing
Wu Yue
Optimization.............................................................................................12
05-13 of RF
the RF optimization objectives of unloaded and Wang
2.2 Detailed Sections
R99 and HSDPA networks in urban and
Dekai
Optimization..................................................................................13
suburban areas
2.2.1 Test
Preparations......................................................................................................13
2.2.2 Data
Collection..........................................................................................................14
2.2.3 Problem
Analysis......................................................................................................14
Chapter 3 Test
Preparations..........................................................................................................16
3.1 Deciding Optimization
Goal.................................................................................................16
3.2 Dividing
Clusters..................................................................................................................20
3.3 Deciding Test
Route............................................................................................................21
3.4 Preparing Tools and
Data...................................................................................................22
3.4.1 Preparing
Software...................................................................................................22
3.4.2 Preparing
Hardware..................................................................................................22
3.4.3 Preparing
Data..........................................................................................................23
Chapter 4 Data
Collection..............................................................................................................24
4.1 Drive
Test...........................................................................................................................25
4.1.1 DT
Types...................................................................................................................25
4.1.2 Setting DT
Indexes...................................................................................................25
1) Start Genex Probe 1.3 software..............................................................................................25
2) Select Configuration > System Config > Test Plan..............................................................25
3) Set DT indexes as shown in Figure 4-1.................................................................................25
Figure 4-1 Setting
DT..........................................................................................................................25
4.2 Indoor
Test..........................................................................................................................26
4.3 Collecting RNC Configuration
Data.....................................................................................26
Chapter 5 Coverage Problem
Analysis.........................................................................................28
5.1 Coverage Problem
Types....................................................................................................28
5.1.1 Weak
coverage.........................................................................................................28
5.1.2 Cross-cell
Coverage.................................................................................................29
5.1.3 Unbalanced Uplink and
Downlink.............................................................................30
5.1.4 No Primary
Pilot........................................................................................................30
5.2 Coverage Analysis
Processes.............................................................................................31
5.2.1 Downlink Coverage
Analysis....................................................................................31
5.2.2 Uplink Coverage
Analysis.........................................................................................34
Figure 5-4 Distribution of UE transmit
power......................................................................................35
5.3 Coverage Problem
Cases...................................................................................................36
5.3.1 Weak Coverage Cases Due to Improper Engineering
Parameters..........................36
5.3.2 Cross-cell Coverage Due to Improper NodeB
Location...........................................37
5.3.3 Coverage Restriction Due to Improper Installation of
Antennas..............................39
Chapter 6 Pilot Pollution Problem
Analysis.................................................................................41
6.1 Pilot Pollution Definition and Judgment
Standards.............................................................41
6.1.1
Definition...................................................................................................................41
6.1.2 Judgment
Standards.................................................................................................41
6.2 Causes and Influence
Analysis...........................................................................................41
6.2.1 Causes
Analysis.......................................................................................................41
6.2.2 Influence
Analysis.....................................................................................................43
6.3 Solutions to Pilot
Pollution...................................................................................................44
6.3.1 Antenna
Adjustment..................................................................................................44
6.3.2 PICH Power
Adjustment...........................................................................................45
6.3.3 Using RRU or Micro
Cells.........................................................................................46
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6.4 Process for Analyzing Pilot Pollution

Problem....................................................................48
6.5 Optimization Cases for Eliminating Pilot
Pollution..............................................................49
6.5.1 Data Analysis before
Optimization............................................................................49
6.5.2 Data Analysis after
Optimization...............................................................................54
Chapter 7 Handover Problem
Analysis.........................................................................................56
7.1 Neighbor Cell
Optimization..................................................................................................56
7.1.1 DT Data
Analysis......................................................................................................56
7.1.2 Removing Redundant Neighbor
Cells......................................................................61
7.2 SHO Factor based on DT
Analysis.....................................................................................62
7.2.1 Definition of SHO Factor based on
DT.....................................................................62
7.2.2 General Principles and Methods in
Optimization......................................................62
Chapter 8 Adjustment
Methods.....................................................................................................64
Chapter 9
Summary........................................................................................................................65
Chapter 10 Appendix: Coverage Enhancement
Technologies..................................................66
10.1 Coverage-enhancing
Technologies...................................................................................66
10.1.1
TMAs.......................................................................................................................66
10.1.2 Receive and Transmit
Diversity..............................................................................66
10.1.3
RRU........................................................................................................................66
10.1.4 Micro
Cells..............................................................................................................66
References:....................................................................................................................................6
8
List of Tables
Table
3-1
List
of
RF
goals............................................................................................16
Table
3-2
Recommended
software
optimization...................................................................22
for
RF
Table
3-3
Recommended
hardware
optimization.................................................................22
for
RF
Table
3-4
Data
to
be
collected
optimization..........................................................................23
Table
4-1
Configured
parameters
checked.............................................................................27
optimization
before
to
be
List of Figures
Figure
2-1
RF
optimization
chat................................................................................................13
flow
Figure
3-1
Divided
clusters
project............................................................................................21
in
Figure
4-1
Setting
DT.......................................................................................................................25
Figure
5-1
RSCP
for
1st
ServiceCell........................................................................................32
Figure
5-2
Distribution
of
pilot
SC
ServiceCell........................................................33
Figure
5-3
Analyzing
comparison
coverage......................................................34
for
of
the
UE
UE
Sugar
Figure
5-6
Coverage
near
Xiajiao
optimization).................................................37
1st
and
Figure
5-4
Distribution
of
power...................................................................................35
Figure
5-5
Coverage
near
Xiajiao
optimization)..............................................36
Best
Best
scanner
transmit
Plant
Sugar
(before
Plant
(after
Figure
5-7
Cross-cell
coverage
optimization.........................................................................38
Figure
5-8
Few
cross-cell
coverage
optimization...........................................................39
Figure
5-9
Coverage
restriction
roof.....................................................39
due
to
before
areas
antenna
Figure
5-10
Optimizing
antennas
feeders....................................................................40
blocked
by
Figure
6-1
Pilot
pollution
due
azimuth.............................................................44
to
Figure
6-2
Pilot
pollution
due
tilt............................................................45
to
improper
Figure
6-3
Pilot
pollution
due
cells..........................................................46
to
improper
after
by
adjusting
improper
antenna
antenna
distribution
down
of
Figure
6-4
Pilot
pollution
due
factors..............................................................................47
Figure
6-5
Survey
photo
of
each
pollution.........................................................48
to
cell
ambient
related
to
pilot
Figure
6-6
Pilot
pollution
Rd.........................................................................................49
near
Yuxing
Figure
6-7
Best
ServiceCell
Rd....................................................................................50
near
Yuxing
Figure
6-8
The
2nd
best
ServiceCell
Rd......................................................................50
near
Yuxing
Figure
6-9
The
3rd
best
ServiceCell
Rd.......................................................................51
near
Yuxing
Figure
6-10
The
4th
best
Rd.....................................................................51
near
Yuxing
near
Yuxing
ServiceCell
Figure
6-11
Composition
of
pilot
Rd...............................................................52
pollution
Figure
6-12
RSSI
near
Rd....................................................................................................52
Figure
6-13
RSCP
of
Best
Rd...................................................................53
Yuxing
ServiceCell
near
Figure
6-14
RSCP
of
SC270
Rd............................................................................53
cell
Figure
6-15
Pilot
pollution
near
optimization..........................................................54
Yuxing
Figure
6-16
Best
ServiceCell
near
optimization.....................................................54
Figure
6-17
RSCP
of
best
ServiceCell
optimization......................................55
near
Yuxing
near
near
Figure
7-1
Changing
conditions
cells..............................................................57
for
judging
analysis
report
cell
Yuxing
Rd.
after
Rd.
after
Yuxing
Figure
6-18
RSCP
of
SC270
cell
optimization...............................................55
Figure
7-2
Generating
neighbor
Assistant..........................................58
Yuxing
Yuxing
Rd.
after
Rd.
after
neighbor
by
using
Figure
7-3
Result
of
missing
cells.....................................................................................59
Figure 7-4 Variation of active
drop........................................60
Figure 7-5 Variation of active
drop.................................60
set
set
Ec/Io
Ec/Io
recorded
recorded
Figure
7-6
RSCP
for
candidate
ServiceCell...................................................................63
by
by
neighbor
UE
scanner
of
before
call
before
call
4th
Best
W-RF Optimization Guide

Key words: WCDMA, network optimization, and RF optimization
Abstract: This document describes tasks to be completed during RF optimization stage in
WCDMA network optimization. The tasks include RF optimization goal, flow,
procedure, input and output, and precautions concerning RF optimization.
Acronyms and abbreviations:

Acronyms and abbreviations
Full spelling
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel
DT
Drive Test
KPI
Key Performance Indicator
MML
Man Machine Language
OCNS
Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator
OMC
Operation and Maintenance Center
PS
Packet-Switched domain
RF
Radio Frequency
RNC
Radio Network Controller
RSCP
Received Signal Code Power
RTWP
Received Total Wideband Power
VIC
Very Important Cell
VIP
Very Important People
VP
Video Phone
RNO
Radio Network Planning
TMA
Tower Mounted Amplifier
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
CQI
Channel Quality Indicator
without Permission Page 10 of 68
1 Introduction to RF Optimization
During RF optimization stage, as one of RNO, you optimize radio frequency (RF)
signals. This aims to control pilot pollution and SHO Factor based on DT in
optimizing signal coverage, so that the distribution of radio signals is normal in next
service parameters optimization stage.
1.1 Contents of RF Optimization

RF optimization includes the following aspects:
1
Pilot
signal coverage optimization It includes the following two parts:

Weak coverage optimization for ensuring seamless coverage by pilot
signals in the network
3
Primary pilot cell optimization for ensuring proper coverage areas by
each primary pilot cell, clear edge of primary pilot cells, and that alternation
of primary pilot cells is reduced as possible.
Pilot pollution optimization Pilot pollution refers to that excessive pilot of
approximately equivalent strength cover an area without a primary pilot. Pilot
pollution might cause increasing of downlink interference, call drop due to
frequent handover, low network capacity. The problems must be solved by
adjusting engineering parameters.
Handover optimization It consists of two parts:
6
Checking missing neighbor cells, verifying and perfecting list of neighbor
cells, solving handover, call drop, and downlink interference problems.
7
Ensuring proper SHO Factor based on DT by adjusting engineering
parameters properly.
2
1.2 Document Structure

This document consists of the following chapters:
1
2
3
4
5
6
Chapter
1 Introduction to RF Optimization
2 Basic Processes for RF Optimization
Chapter 3 Test Preparations
Chapter 4 Data Collection
Chapter 5 Coverage Problem Analysis
Chapter 6 Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis
Chapter
0
1
2
3
Chapter
7 Handover Problem Analysis

8 Adjustment Methods
Chapter 9 Summary
Chapter 10 Appendix
Chapter
2 Basic Processes for RF Optimization
Once all the sites are installed and verification is complete, RF optimization starts. In
some situations for a tight schedule, RF optimization might start after the
construction of partial sites is complete. RF optimization is usually performed after
80% of total sites in a cluster are constructed.
RF optimization stage is one major stage of RNO. It aims at the following aspects:
1
2
3
2
Optimizing
signal coverage
pilot pollution
Control SHO Factor based on DT
Control
RF optimization also involves optimizing list of neighbor cells.
When the indexes like DT and traffic measurement after RF adjustment meets KPI
requirements, RF optimization stage ends. Otherwise you must reanalyze data and
adjust parameters repeatedly until all KPI requirements are met. After RF
optimization, RNO comes to parameter optimization stage.
2.1 Flow Chat of RF Optimization

RF optimization includes the following four parts:
1
2
3
4
3
Test
preparations
collection
Problem analysis
Parameter adjustment
Data
0 shows the RF optimization flow chat.
1
RF optimization flow chat

In 0, the data collection, problem analysis, and parameter adjustment might be
repeatedly performed according to optimization goal and actual on-site situations
until RF indexes meet KPI requirements.
2.2 Detailed Sections of RF Optimization

2.2.1 Test Preparations
During test preparations, proceed as below:
1
Decide KPI goals for optimization according to the contract
Divide clusters properly and decide test route with the operator The KPI test
acceptance route is especially important.
Prepare tools and materials for RF optimization This ensures smooth RF
optimization.
2.2.2 Data Collection

Collect the following data:
1
UE
and scanner data Collect UE and scanner data by the following methods:
DT
Indoor test
Signaling tracing
Call data tracing at RNC side
Configuration data The configuration data and the call data tracing help to
locate problems.
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
Data collection is a precondition for problem analysis.
2.2.3 Problem Analysis
You can locate problems by analyzing collected data. After analyzing coverage
problems, pilot pollution problems, and handover problems, provide corresponding
adjustment solutions. After adjustment, test the adjustment result. If the test result
cannot meet KPI requirements, reanalyze problems and readjust parameters until all
KPI requirements are met.
Due to weak coverage, pilot pollution, and missing neighbor cells, the following
problems are related to location:
1
2
3
Downlink
interference
problems
Call drop problems
Access
4 The previous problems occur regularly. You can solve them by repeated
optimization.
If the coverage is good, pilot pollution and missing neighbor cells are not present, the
access and call drop problems need to be solved during parameter optimization
stage. You can refer to corresponding guidebooks. The period for solving uplink
interference problems (RTWP is over high but no high traffic matches it) is long, even
as long as the RF optimization ends. For solutions, see WCDMA Interference
Solution Guide.
Output an updated list of engineering parameters and list of cell parameters after RF
optimization. The list of engineering parameters reflects adjustment of
1
engineering parameters (such as down tilt and azimuth) during RF optimization

stage. The list of cell parameters reflects the adjustment of cell parameters (such as
neighbor cell configuration) during RF optimization stage.
3 Test Preparations
Test preparations include the following four aspects:

1
2
3
4
Deciding
optimization goal
clusters
Deciding DT route
Preparing tools and data
Dividing
3.1 Deciding Optimization Goal

The key of RF optimization is to solve problems as below:
1
2
3
Weak
coverage
pollution
High SHO Factor based on DT
Pilot
Actually, different operators might have different standards on KPI requirements,

index definition, and attention. Therefore the RF optimization goal is to meet the
coverage and handover KPI requirements in the contract (commercial deployment
offices) or planning report (trial offices).
Define the indexes as required by contract as below:
The index definition is the percentage ratio of the sampling points with the index
(such as CPICH Ec/Io) greater than the reference value in all sampling points.
Usually after RF optimization, the network must meet the index requirements listed in
0.
Note:
0 provides reference indexes, only for guiding RNO engineers to clarify the RF
optimization objectives, not for actual project bidding. Different projects may have
different indexes. The contract decides the actual indexes and values.
0 lists the RF optimization objectives according to analysis of and suggestion to
coverage by existing network.
List of RF optimization objectives in R99 networks
Index
Reference
Remarks
CPICH
Ec/Io
9dB
97% in
urban
area
According to test result from the

scanner, in unloaded and outdoor
conditions, in planning coverage
areas, test in a grid-like route to
cover all cells.
97% in
suburban
area
CPICH
RSCP
95dBm
98% in
urban
area
According to test result from the

scanner, in unloaded and outdoor
conditions, in planning coverage
areas, test in a grid-like route to
cover all cells. The coverage level
request is basic. If operators have
penetration loss request, add the
penetration loss to the coverage
level.
95% in
suburban
area
SHO
Factor
based on
DT
30%40%
The SHO Factor based on DT should

be 5% to 10% lower than the goal,
because the following optimizations
cause the soft handover factor to
increase
Pilot
pollution
ratio
5%
The RF optimization of HSDPA services aims to improve the

distribution of UE CQI.
According to theoretical analysis, the CQI reported by UE and
PCPICH Ec/Nt have relationship as below:
CQIUE = Ec/NtPCPICH + MPO + 10log16 + 4.5dB
Wherein,
1
2
3
4
5
6
Nt
= (1- a) * Ior + Ioc + No

is the orthogonal factor
lor is the signals of serving cell
loc is the interference signals from neighbor cells
No is the thermal noise
Io = Ior + Ioc + No
a
Therefore, PCPICH Ec/Nt is approximately equal to PCPICH Ec/Io.

MPO = Min (13,CellMaxPower PcpichPower MPOConstant)
The maximum transmit power of a cell is usually 43 dBm, and the pilot channel
power is 33 dBm. When MPOConstant is 2.5 dB, the default configuration by RNC,
the MPO is 7.5 dB.
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The 4.5 dB is obtained according to the linear relationship between the SNR of all
the subscriber's HS-PDSCHs and the corresponding CQIs. Namely, SNR = 4.5dB +
CQIUE, and SNR = Ec/NtHS-PDSCH + 10log16.
When calculating CQIUE at UE side, the UE assumes that the total transmit power of
HS-PDSCH is PHS-DSCH = PPCPICH + MPO. Wherein, PPCPICH is the transmit power of
PCPICH. Therefore, Ec/NtHS-PDSCH = Ec/NtPCPICH + MPO. As a result, the CQI reported
by UE is as below:
CQIUE = Ec/NtPCPICH + MPO + 10log16 + 4.5dB
According to previous analysis, the offset between CQI UE and PCPICH Ec/Io is 24
dB. Therefore, in terms of actual optimization, to optimize CQI is to optimize Ec/Io.
Assume that the cell power is dynamically distributed between R99 and HSDPA
networks. After receiving CQIUE from UE, the NodeB adjust the CQI as below:
The CQI adjusted by NodeB, CQI NodeB = ( Pcell - Pcommon PR99 PHS-SCCH (PPCPICH +
MPO ) + CQIUE.
Wherein,
1
2
3
4
Pcell is
the maximum transmit power of cell

the CCH power of cell
PR99 is the power of downlink associated DPCH for R99 or HSDPA subscribers.
PHS-SCCH is the HS-SCCH power.
Pcommon is
Assume:
1
2
3
4
5
Pcell =
43 dBm
20% of total power of cell
No R99 subscribers are in the cell
PR99 is too low to neglect
PHS-SCCH is 5% of total power of cell
Pcommon is
Therefore,
CQINodeB = 1 + CQIUE
According to experience in actual test, based on the difference between the Ec/Io
from scanner and the Ec/Io from UE, reserve a margin of 1 dB. At the edge of cell,
an HSDPA subscriber may occupy total power of cell, so the throughput rate at cell
edge is equivalent to the throughput rate at cell edge for the single subscriber.
lists the relationship among the CQI reported by UE, pilot
Ec/Io, and throughput rate at MAC-HS layer (MPO = 7.5 dB).
Relationship among the CQI reported by UE, pilot Ec/Io, and throughput rate at
MAC-HS layer
9 > CQI
15 > CQI 9
CQI
15
Subscribers' feeling
Poor
Fair
Good
throughput rate at MAC-HS

layer for single subscriber
0320
kpbs
320 kbps
to1.39
Mbps
> 1.39
Mbps
Ec/Io
>
15dB
15dB to
9dB
9dB
The throughput rate provided in is based on the

test in the following conditions:
1
2
3
4
5
The
codes and lub are not restricted.

category 12 UE has a subscribed rate of 2 Mpbs.
The subscribed type is background or interactive service
Power is dynamically distributed. Namely, without R99 subscribers, all the
power is used by the HSDPA subscriber to guarantee rate as high as possible.
According to the requirements on RF optimization of unloaded R99 network,
the CPICH Ec/Io 9 dB. After HSDPA is introduced, power is dynamically
distributed, and the single HSDPA subscriber at cell edge uses all the power.
Meanwhile, the downlink load reaches 90%, and CPICH Ec/Io 15.5dB.
The
If operators' requirement on throughput rate at cell edge is not the recommended

values as listed in , search the required value in 0.
0 lists the mapping relationship of HSDPA Catogory12 UE CQI and TB size. The
CQIs that is larger than 13 or smaller than 5 are excluded. The rate at MAC-HS layer
for the subscriber is (TBsize / 2ms) * (1 BLER), wherein, the BLER is 10%.
Mapping relationship of HSDPA Catogory12 UE CQI and TB size
CQI
TB Size
365
365
365
711
711
10
1055
11
1405
12
1742
13
2083
As previously mentioned, to optimize HSDPA is to optimize Ec/Io of

target networks. Therefore, in terms of optimization method, the
HSDPA and R99 networks are consistent. The following optimization
flow will not distinguish HSDPA networks from R99 networks.
1
3.2 Dividing Clusters

According to the features of UMTS technologies, the coverage and capacity are
interactional and the frequency reuse factor is 1. Therefore RF optimization must be
performed on a group of or a cluster of NodeBs at the same time instead of
performing RF optimization on single site one by one. This ensures that interference
from intra-frequency neighbor cells are considered during optimization. Analyze the
impact of the adjustment of an index on other sites before adjustment.
Dividing clusters involves approval by the operator. The following factors must be
considered upon dividing clusters:
0
1
2
3
4
5
According
to experiences, the number of NodeBs in a cluster depends on the

actual situation. 1525 NodeBs in a cluster is recommended. Too many or few
NodeBs in a cluster is improper.
A cluster must not cover different areas of test (planning) full coverage
services.
Refer to the divided clusters for network project maintenance of the operator.
Landform factor Landforms affect signal propagation. Mountains block signal
propagation, so they are natural borders for dividing clusters. Rivers causes a
longer propagation distance, so they affect dividing clusters in various aspects.
If a river is narrow, the signals along two banks will interact. If the transportation
between two banks allows, divide sites along the two banks in the same cluster.
If a river is wide, the upstream and downstream will interact. In this situation, the
transportation between two banks is inconvenient, dividing clusters by the bank
according to actual situation.
A cell-like cluster is much usual than a strip-like cluster.
Administrative areas When the coverage area involves several administrative
areas, divide
1
2
2
clusters according to administrative areas. This is easily acceptable by the

operator.
DT workload The DT must be performed within a day for a cluster. A DT takes
about four hours.
0 shows divided clusters in a project.
Divided clusters in a project
In 0:
1
2
3
4
5
3
JB03
and JB04 belongs to dense urban areas.

belongs to express way areas.
JB02, JB05, JB06, and JB07 belong to urban areas.
JB08 belongs to suburban area.
The number of NodeBs in a cluster is 1822.
JB01
3.3 Deciding Test Route

Confirm the KPI DT acceptance route with the operator before DT. If the operator
already has a decided DT acceptance route, you must consider this upon deciding
the KPI DT acceptance route. If the objective factors like network layout cannot fully
meet the coverage requirements of decided test route by the operator, you must
point this out.
The KPI DT acceptance route is the core route of RF optimization test routes. Its
optimization is the core of RF optimization. The following tasks, such as parameter
optimization and acceptance, are based on KPI DT acceptance route. The KPI DT
acceptance route must cover major streets, important location, VIP,
1
and VIC. The DT route should cover all cells as possible. The initial test and final test
must cover all cells. If time is enough, cover all streets in the planned area. Use the
same DT route in every test to compare performances more accurately. Round-trip
DT is performed if possible.
Consider actual factors like lanes and left-turn restriction while deciding test route.
Before negotiating with the operator, communicate these factors with local drivers for
whether the route is acceptable.
3.4 Preparing Tools and Data

Prepare necessary software (listed in 0), hardware (listed in 0), and various data
(listed in 0), because the following test and analysis are based on them.
3.4.1 Preparing Software

0 lists the recommended software for RF optimization
Recommended software for RF optimization
No.
Software
Function
Remarks
Genex
Probe
DT
Above
V1.3
Genex
Assistant
Analyzing DT data and

checking neighbor cells
Above
V1.3
Genex
Nastar
Analyzing performance,
checking health, and locating
problems
Mapinfo
Displaying maps and

generating route data
3.4.2 Preparing Hardware

0 lists the recommended hardware for RF optimization
Recommended hardware for RF optimization
No.
Device
Specification
Remarks
Scanner
DTI Scanner
Test terminal
and data line
U626, E620,
Qualcomm, and so
on
At least two test

terminals. If there
is
HSDPA request, use the data card E620. U626 does not
support HSDPA.
Laptop
PM1.3G/512M/20G/USB/COM/PRN
Vehicle
mounted
inverter
DC to AC, over 300W
3.4.3 Preparing Data

0 lists the data to be collected before optimization
Data to be collected before optimization
No.
Needed data
Whether is
necessary
Remarks
List of engineering
parameters
Yes
Map
Yes
By Mapinfo or
in paper
KPI requirements
Yes
Network
configuration
parameters
Yes
Survey report
No
Single site
verification checklist
No
W-RF Optimization Operations Guide For

only
Huawei
Confidential For
No Spreading
7 internal
Flooruse
plan
of2006-01-18
the
Yes
indoor test
4 Data Collection
During RF optimization stage, the key is the optimization of radio signals distribution,
with the major means of DT and indoor test. Before test, confirm with the customer
care engineers the following aspects:
1
2
Whether
the target NodeBs, RNCs, and related CN are abnormal due to being
disabled, blocked, congested, and transmission alarms.
Whether the alarms have negative impact on the validity of test result data. If
the alarms exist, solve the problems before test.
2 DT is a major test. Collect scanner and UE data of radio signals by DT test. The
data is applicable in analyzing coverage, handover, and pilot pollution problems.
Indoor test involves the following areas:
1
2
3
3
Indoor
coverage areas Indoor coverage areas include inside buildings,

department stores, and subways.
Inside areas of important facilities Inside areas of important facilities include
gymnasiums and government offices.
Areas required by the operator Areas required by the operator include VIC and
VIP.
Test the previous areas to locate, analyze, and solve the RF problems.
Indoor test also involves in optimizing handover of indoor and outdoor intrafrequency, inter-frequency, and inter-system.
The DT and indoor test during RF optimization stage is based on VP service.
According to the contract (commercial deployment offices) and planning report (trial
offices), if seamless coverage by VP service is impossible in areas, such as,
suburban areas and rural areas, the test is based on voice services. For areas with
seamless coverage by PS384K service or HSDPA service required by the contract
(commercial deployment office) or planning report (trial office), such as office
buildings, press centers, and hot spot areas, the test is based on the above services.
1
2
4.1 Drive Test

4.1.1 DT Types
According to different full coverage services in the planned areas, DT might be one
of the following:
0
3G
ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded VP According to

simulation result and experiences, if the test result meets requirements on VP
1
2
3
service coverage, the test result will also meet identical coverage requirements
of PS144K, PS128K, and PS64K services.
3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded voice service
3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded PS384K
3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded HSDPA
4.1.2 Setting DT Indexes

The following paragraphs take VP service for example.
Setting DT indexes proceeds as below:
Start Genex Probe 1.3 software
Select Configuration > System Config > Test Plan
Set DT indexes as shown in 0
For setting voice, PS384K, and HSDPA services, see WCDMA Test Guide 3.1.
Setting DT
For setting DT, see the following table.
Index
Enable
Meaning
Whether to implement
implementation. False
this
index.
True
for
for non-implementation. The recommended value is True.

Call
Number
Called number. Whether the called terminal

supports VP must be confirmed.
Setup
Time (s)
The maximum time for setting up calls. It ranges

from 2030s. The recommended value is 25s.
Calling
Time (s)
The time for a single call from call start to normal

end of call. Set it great enough according to actual
DT route. The recommended value is 99999s.
Idle Time
(s)
Call internal time. The recommended value is 10s.
Call
Count
Total call times. Set it great enough according to

actual DT route. The recommended value is 999
times.
Collect call data tracing at RNC side while performing drive test. This
help to locate and analyze problems.
Data to be collected includes:
1
Traced
signaling messages of single subscriber For the detailed description

and collection method of call tracing data, see WCDMA Equipment Room
Operations Guide.
4.2 Indoor Test

GPS signals are unobtainable in door test. Obtain the plan of the target area before
test.
Indoor test consists of walking test and vertical test. Perform walking test to obtain
horizontal signals distribution inside buildings by selecting Indoor Measurement >
Walking Test. Perform vertical test to obtain vertical signals distribution by selecting
Indoor Measurement > Vertical Test. For the detailed method, see WCDMA Test
Guide 3.1.
Indoor test services are services by seamless coverage required in the contract
(commercial deployment office) or planning report (trial office). The method for indoor
test and requirements on collecting call tracing data are the same as DT.
4.3 Collecting RNC Configuration Data

During RF optimization stage, collect neighbor cell data of network optimization and
other data configured in RNC database. In addition, check whether the configured
data is consistent with the previously checked/planned data.
1
While checking configured data, feed back the improperly configured data (if found)
to product support engineers. During checking, pay special attention to handover
reselection parameters and power setting parameters, as listed in 0.
Configured parameters to be checked
Type
Handover
reselection
parameter
Content to be checked
IntraFreqNCell (intra-frequency
neighbor cell)
InterFreqNCell (inter-frequency
neighbor cell)
InterRATNCell (inter-system neighbor
cell)
Power configuration
parameter
MaxAllowedULTxPower (maximum
uplink transmit power of UE)
PCPICHPower (PCPICH transmit
power)
HSDPA cell
configuration
Whether the HSDPA cell is activated

HS-PDSCH code configuration
HS-SCCH configuration
HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH power
configuration
For handover reselection parameters, check list of neighbor cells,

including intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-system neighbor
cells.
Output an updated Radio Parameter Configuration Data Table and
parameter revision records. This is useful in problem analysis and
following optimization stages.
Collecting data proceeds as below:
Start RNC LMT
Collect MML scripts
Convert neighbor cell configuration data in MML scripts to Excel files
by using Nastar
Save the data in the format in which the data can be imported to
Assistant.
For details, see WCDMA Equipment Room Operations Guide and
Nastar User Manual.
No Spreading without Permission Page 28 of 68
5 Coverage Problem Analysis
Coverage problem analysis is key to RF optimization. It involves signal distribution.

The coverage problems to be analyzed include:
1
2
3
4
Weak
coverage
coverage
Unbalance uplink and downlink
No primary pilot cell
Cross-cell
5.1 Coverage Problem Types
5.1.1 Weak coverage

Introduction
Weak coverage refer to that the RSCP of pilot signals in a coverage area is smaller
than 95 dBm. It might be in:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Valley
areas
back
Elevator well
Tunnel
Underground garage
Basement
Areas inside high buildings
Hillside
If the pilot signals are weaker than that required by full coverage services (such
as VP and PS64K), or just meet the requirements, if the PICH Ec/Io cannot meets
the lowest requirements on full coverage services due to increased intra-frequency
interference, problems like difficult access of full coverage services will occur.
If the RSCP of pilot signals is weaker than that of minimum access threshold in a
coverage area, the UE cannot camp on the cell, so the UE drops off the network due
to failing in location updating and location registration.
Solutions
For previous problems, use the following methods:
1
Increase
pilot transmit power, adjust antenna down tilt and azimuth, increase
antenna height, use antennas with higher gain to optimize coverage.
2
3
If
subscribers are abundant in the non-overlapped areas of neighbor NodeBs

or the non-overlapped areas are great, construct new NodeBs or expand the
coverage range of neighbor NodeBs. This ensures a software handover area
with enough great size. Pay attention to that increasing of coverage areas might
cause intra-frequency and inter-frequency interference.
Construct new NodeBs or add RRU in valley and hillside back areas with weak
coverage to expand coverage range.
Use RRU, indoor distributed system, leakage cable, and directional antenna to
solve problems in signal dead zone like elevator well, tunnel, underground
garage, basement, areas inside buildings.
5.1.2 Cross-cell Coverage

Introduction
Cross-cell coverage refers to that the coverage range of some NodeBs is beyond the
planned range and discontinuous primary pilot coverage areas form in coverage
areas of other NodeBs.
For example, if the NodeBs with a height much higher that the average height of
adjacent buildings transmit signals along upland or roads over far, a primary pilot
coverage area form in the coverage area of other NodeBs, an "island" forms.
Therefore, if a call accesses the "island" and the nearby cells of the "island" is not
configured as the neighbor cells, call drops once the UE leaves the island. Though
the nearby cells of the "island" is configured as the neighbor cells, the "island" is over
small, call also drops due to delayed handover.
If the two-side areas along a gulf are improperly planned, cross-cell coverage occurs
on these areas due to short distance between two sides of the gulf. Consequently,
interference occurs.
Solutions
For the previous problems, use the following methods:
1
For
cross-cell coverage, prevent antennas from transmitting signals

straightforward along roads or reduce cross-cell coverage areas by using
sheltering effect of adjacent buildings. Meanwhile you must avoid intrafrequency interference to other NodeBs.
For over high NodeBs, change the site. You might have difficulties in finding
new sites due to property and equipment installation. In addition, too large
mechanism down tilt causes aberration of antenna direction maps. Therefore
you can eliminate the "island" effect and reduce Node B coverage areas by
adjusting pilot transmit power and using electric down tilt.
5.1.3 Unbalanced Uplink and Downlink
Introduction
Unbalanced uplink and downlink refers to the following situations in uplink and
downlink symmetric services:
1
2
The
downlink coverage is good but the uplink coverage is restricted. More

specific, the UE transmit power reaches the maximum which still cannot meet
uplink BLER requirements.
The downlink coverage is restricted. More specific, the downlink DCH transmit
power reaches the maximum which still cannot meet downlink BLER
requirements.
2 If the uplink and downlink are unbalanced, call drops easily. The probable cause
is restricted uplink coverage.
Solutions
For the unbalanced uplink and downlink problems, check for interference by
monitoring RTWP alarms of NodeB. For the method, see WCDMA Interference
Solution Guide.
Other causes may lead to unbalanced uplink and downlink, such as:
1
2
3
Uplink
and downlink gain of repeaters and interference amplifier are faulty.

an Rx/Tx detach system, the Rx diversity antenna-feeder system is faulty.
Node B problems, such as power amplifier failure
In
3 For previous problems, check the work state whether there are alarms, whether it
is normal. Solve the problem by replacing NEs, isolating faulty NEs, and adjust NEs.
4
5.1.4 No Primary Pilot

Introduction
No primary pilot areas refer to the areas where no primary pilot is or the primary cell
changes frequently. In no primary pilot areas, UE hands over frequently, so the
system efficiency is lowered and probability of call drop increases.
Solutions
In no primary pilot areas, you can enhance the coverage by strong signals of a cell
(or near cells) and reduce the coverage by weak signals of other cells (or far cells)
by adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth.
5.2 Coverage Analysis Processes
5.2.1 Downlink Coverage Analysis

Downlink coverage analysis involves analyzing CPICH RSCP obtained by drive test.
The quality standard of CPICH RSCP must be combined with the optimization
standard. Assume that the optimization standard is as below:
CPICH_RSCP
95 dBm
>=
95%
Scanner test result in outdoor

unloaded conditions
The corresponding quality standard is:

1
2
3
Good
if CPICH_RSCP 85 dBm
if 95 dBm CPICH_RSCP < 85 dBm
Poor if CPICH_RSCP < 95 dBm
Fair
Mark the areas with weak coverage or common seamless coverage of large areas
for further analysis. Mark the areas with downlink coverage voids, analyze the
distance relations with neighbor NodeBs and environments, and check the following:
1
2
Whether
Whether
the CPICH RSCP of neighbor sites is normal

coverage can be enhanced by adjusting antenna down tilt and
azimuth.
During adjusting antennas, avoid new coverage voids while eliminating some
coverage voids. If the coverage voids cannot be eliminated by adjusting antennas,
construct sites to solve it.
Analyzing Pilot Coverage Strength

Usually, the strongest RSCP received by each scanner in the coverage area must be
above 95 dBm.
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 1st Best Service Cell, and you
can obtain the distribution of weak coverage area, shown in 0.
In 0, weak coverage areas with RSCP smaller than 95 dBm in the DT route.
According to scanner and UE, the pilot RSCP is acceptable. If the scanner antenna
is mounted outside the car, and the UE is inside the car, there is a penetration loss of
5 to 7 dB. Use scanner data to avoid incomplete pilot information measured by UE
due to missing neighbor cells.
RSCP for 1st Best Service Cell
Analyzing Primary Pilot Cell

Cell primary pilot analysis is analyzing cell scramble information obtained in DT. The
content to be checked include (by Assistant):
1
Weak
coverage cell Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for SC, and
you can obtain the signal distribution of each cell (scramble). According to DT
data, if the scramble signals of a cell are not present, probably some sites
cannot transmit signals during test. If a cell cannot transmit signals during DT,
the DT of relative areas must be re-performed. Very weak coverage might be
result of blocked antennas, so you must check the survey report of the site and
check installation of on-site antennas. No (poor) coverage cell might be due to
that the DT route does not cover the cell coverage area. In this case, reevaluate
the DT route for the rationality and perform DT again.
Cross-cell coverage cell Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for SC,
and you can obtain the signal distribution of each cell (scramble). If the signals
of a cell are widely distributed, even in the neighbor cells and the cells next to its
neighbor cells, the signals of the cell is present, the cell encounters a cross-cell
coverage which might be due to over high site or improper down tilt of antenna.
The cross-cell coverage cells interferes neighbor cells, so the capacity declines.
You can solve the problem by increasing the down tilt of antenna or lowering the
height of antenna. Avoid forming new weak coverage areas while solving crosscoverage problems. Pay special
1
2
attention to the adjustment of engineering parameters which might cause

coverage voids. Be conservative that cross-cell coverage is better than
coverage voids if no other choices are available.
No primary pilot cell Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based SC for 1st Best
Service Cell, and you can obtain the scramble distribution of the best cell. If
multiple best cells changes frequently in an cell, the cell is a no primary pilot
cell, as shown in 0 No primary pilot cell forms due to the following causes:
0
Cross-cell non-seamless coverage due to over high site
1
Pilot pollution in some areas
2
Coverage voids at edges of coverage areas
3
Therefore intra-frequency interferences forms which causes ping-pong
handover and affects performances of service coverage.
Distribution of pilot SC for the 1st Best ServiceCell
Analyzing comparison of UE and Scanner Coverage

Missing neighbor cells, improper parameters of soft handover, cell selection and
reselection cause the consistent between scanner primary pilot cell and camped cell
in idle mode or Best Service Cell in the active set in connection mode of UE. After
optimization, the Ec/Io for 1st Best Service Cell of UE and scanner is consistent. In
addition, the coverage map of UE is marked by clear bordering lines of Best Service
Cell, as 0.
Analyzing comparison of UE and scanner coverage
5.2.2 Uplink Coverage Analysis

The corresponding quality standard is:
0
1
2
Good
Fair
if CPICH_RSCP 85 dBm
if 95 dBm CPICH_RSCP < 85 dBm
Poor if CPICH_RSCP < 95 dBm
Uplink coverage analysis is analyzing UE transmit power obtained in DT.

The quality standards of UE transmit power must be combined with optimization
standards. Assume the optimization indexes of UE transmit power as below:
UE_Tx_Power
10 dBm
>=
95%
The test result of voice service by

test handset. Assume the
maximum transmit power of UE
is 21 dBm.
The defined corresponding quality standards are:

1
2
3
Good
if UE_Tx_Power 0 dBm
if 0 dBm < UE_Tx_Power 10 dBm
Poor if UE_Tx_Power > 10 dBm
Fair
For areas with poor index, judge whether the increasing of UE transmit power is due
to call drop or poor uplink coverage. Geographically displayed on the map,
The former is as a point of sudden increment with call drop while the latter is an area
with seamless coverage unnecessarily with call drop.
Mark the areas with weak coverage or large common seamless coverage for further
analysis. Check whether downlink CPICH RSCP coverage voids exist in the areas
with uplink coverage voids. Solve the problem with both uplink and downlink weak
coverage by analyzing downlink coverage analysis. If only the uplink coverage is
poor without uplink interference (see WCDMA Interference Solution Guide), solve the
problems by adjusting down tilt and azimuth of antenna, and adding TMAs.
Analyzing Uplink Interference

Check for uplink interference by tracing and analyzing RTWP data. For details, see
WCDMA Interference Solution Guide.
Distribution of UE Transmit Power

The distribution of UE transmit power reflects the distribution of uplink interference
and uplink path loss. In 0, UE transmit power is lower than 10 dBm normally. Only
when uplink interference and coverage area edge exist will the UE transmit power
increase sharply to 21 dBm (Some UEs that support HSDPA, such as E620, with a
power class of 3, the maximum transmit power is 24 dBm), and the uplink is
restricted. Comparatively restricted uplink coverage occurs much easily in macro
cells than in micro cells.
Distribution of UE transmit power
5.3 Coverage Problem Cases
5.3.1 Weak Coverage Cases Due to Improper Engineering Parameters

Phenomenon
In 0, the pilot RSCP is lower than 95 dBm in the marked red area. This belongs to
weak coverage, which might cause call drop.
Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (before optimization)
Analysis
In 0, the problem lies in that Xiajiao Sugar Plant sector B mainly covers the marked
area but Materials Building sector A partially covers the marked area. Initially
engineers consider enhancing the coverage of the marked area by adjusting the two
cells. According to the survey report, other buildings opposite Materials Building
prevent sector A from transmit signals, so adjusting antenna fails to enhance the
coverage of the areas.
Solutions
Keep the parameter configuration of Materials Building sector A, but adjust the
azimuth of Xiajiao Sugar Plant sector B from 170 to 165, down tilt from 10 to 8.
0 shows the coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (after optimization)

1
Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (after optimization)

In 0, the coverage in the marked area is enhanced clearly after adjusting engineering
parameters of Xiajiao Sugar Plant.
5.3.2 Cross-cell Coverage Due to Improper NodeB Location

Phenomenon
In a trial office, the Erqi Rd. NodeB is 60-meter high, over 20 meters than nearby
buildings. This causes cross-cell coverage easily and brings intra-frequency
interference to other NodeBs, as shown in 0.
1
Cross-cell coverage before optimization
Aanalysis
For a high NodeB problem, adjust fixed electric down tilt of antenna from 2 to 6.
Because the Erqi Rd. NodeB is at the edge of network coverage, reduce
interferences to other NodeBs by adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth. In this
case, no equipment is removed. Engineers solve the cross-cell coverage by
increasing mechanism down tilt and adjusting azimuth.
Solutions
After adjustment of down tilt to 4, the most cross-cell coverage areas are eliminated,
with only few cross-cell coverage areas, as shown in 0.
1
Few cross-cell coverage areas after optimization

For similar high NodeBs, you can combine adjustable down tilt of electric antenna
and mechanism antenna to better control signal coverage.
5.3.3 Coverage Restriction Due to Improper Installation of Antennas

Phenomenon
From 0, the antenna of a project is mounted on a roof (10-meter tall).
Coverage restriction due to antenna blocked by roof
1
At the optimization stage after network construction, in front of the traffic lights below
antennas, video quality declines due to VP mosaic and PS384K service is
reactivated.
Analysis
In terms of planning, 3G and 2G antennas are mounted in a co-location site.
According to coverage test data of 2G antenna, 2G signals does not fluctuate
sharply under the site and under the traffic lights. Namely, if the 3G and 2G antennas
are in the same location, 3G signals will cover the areas around traffic lights. The
problem lies in that the 3G antenna is mounted too close to the wall on the roof and
the wall blocks signals so the special installation conditions of antennas are not met.
In addition, the 2G antenna and its installation parts affect the pattern of 3G antenna.
This changes the radiation pattern of 3G antenna. According to the installation
scene, adjusting location of 3G antenna is difficult.
Solutions
According to discussion between 2G and 3G engineers, the minimum adjustment
solution without affecting 2G coverage is as below:
Connect the 3G and 2G TX/RX feeder to two feeders of outside wideband
polarization antenna
Connect the 3G and 2G RX feeder to two feeders of inner wideband antenna.
0 shows the connection.
Optimizing antennas by adjusting feeders
6 Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis
1
2
6.1 Pilot Pollution Definition and Judgment Standards
6.1.1 Definition
The pilot pollution is that excessive strong pilots exist in a point but no primary pilot is
strong enough.
6.1.2 Judgment Standards

Pilot pollution exists if all the following conditions are met:
1
The
number of pilots that meet the following condition is more than Th N

CPICH_RSCP > ThRSCP_Absolute
(CPICH_RSCP1st - CPICH_RSCP(ThN +1)th)< ThRSCP_Relative
4 Assume that ThRSCP_Absolute = 100 dBm, ThN = 3, and ThRSCP_Relative = 5 dB, and then
pilot pollution exists if all the following conditions are met:
More
than three pilots meet the following condition CPICH_RSCP > 100
dBm.
(CPICH_RSCP1st - CPICH_RSCP4th) < 5 dB
6.2 Causes and Influence Analysis
6.2.1 Causes Analysis

Ideally the signals in a cell is restricted within its planned range. However the signals
cannot reach the ideal state due to the following factors of radio environment:
1
Landform
Building
Street
distribution
distribution
Waters
7 Pilot pollution is the result of interaction among multiple NodeBs, so it occurs in

urban areas where NodeBs are densely constructed. Normally typical areas where
pilot pollution occurs easily include:
1
High
Wide
buildings
streets
1
2
3
Overhead
structure
Crossroad
Areas
round waters
2 Improper Cell Distribution

Due to restriction to site location and complex geographic environment, cell
distribution might be improper. Improper cell distribution causes weak coverage of
some areas and coverage by multiple strong pilots in same areas.
Over High NodeB or Highly-mounted Antenna

If a NodeB is constructed in a position higher than around buildings, most areas will
be with in the line-of sight range. Therefore signals are widely transmitted. Over high
site cause difficult control of cross-cell coverage, which causes pilot pollution.
Improper Antenna Azimuth

In a network with multiple NodeBs, the antenna azimuth must be adjusted according
to the following factors:
1
2
3
NodeB
distribution of the entire network

requirements
Traffic volume distribution
Coverage
3 The sector azimuth of each antenna is set to cooperate with each other. If the
azimuth is improperly set:
1
2
Some
Weak
factors might cover the same area. This causes excessive pilot pollution.
coverage exist in some areas without primary pilot.
4 The previous two situations might lead to pilot pollution. Therefore you must
adjust the antenna according to actual propagation.
Improper Antenna Down Tilt

Setting antenna down tilt depends on the following factors:
1
Relative
height to around environment
2
3
Coverage
Antenna
range requirements
types
5 If the antenna down tilt is improper, signals are received in the areas which are
covered by this site. Therefore interferences to other areas causes pilot pollution.
Even worse, interferences might cause call drop.
1
Improper PICH Power

When the NodeBs are densely distributed with a small planned coverage rang and
the PICH power is over high, the pilot covers an area larger than the planned area.
This causes pilot pollution.
Ambient Factors
The signals cannot reach the planned state due to the following factors of radio
environment:
1
2
3
4
2
1
2
Landform
Building
distribution
distribution
Waters
Street
The ambient factors include:

High
buildings or mountains block signals from spreading The signals of a

NodeB to cover a target area are blocked by high buildings or mountains, so the
target area will have no primary pilot. This causes pilot pollution.
Streets or waters influences signals When the antenna direction is pointing a
street, the coverage range is expanded by the street. When the coverage range
of a NodeB overlaps with the coverage range of other NodeBs, pilot pollution
occurs.
High buildings reflect signals When high glassed buildings stand near a
NodeB, they will reflect signals to the coverage range of other NodeBs. This
causes pilot pollution.
6.2.2 Influence Analysis

Pilot pollution causes the following network problems.
Ec/Io Deterioration
Multiple strong pilots interferes useful functional signals, so Io increases, Ec/Io
decreases, BLER increases, and network quality declines.
Call Drop Due to Handover

More than three strong pilots or no primary pilot exists in multiple pilots, frequent
handover occurs among these pilots. This might cause call drop.
Capacity Decline
The interference of the areas with pilot pollution increases, the system capacity
declines.
6.3 Solutions to Pilot Pollution
6.3.1 Antenna Adjustment

According to the test, change pilot signal strength of an area with pilot pollution by
adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth. This changes the distribution of pilot signals
in the area. The principle for adjustment is enhancing primary pilot and weakening
other pilots.
To enhance pilot coverage of an area, adjust the antenna azimuth pointing the area.
To weakening pilot coverage of an area, adjust the antenna azimuth pointing the
opposite direction of the area. Adjusting down tilt is similar. You can increase the cell
coverage range by reducing antenna down tilt and reduce cell coverage range by
increasing antenna down tilt.
Adjusting antennas is restricted to a range. If the down tilt is over small, you might
enhance cell coverage but causes cross-cell coverage. If the down tilt is over large,
you might weaken cell coverage but you might change the antenna pattern.
0 shows the pilot pollution due to improper antenna azimuth.
Pilot pollution due to improper antenna azimuth
In 0, the area marked in black encounters pilot pollution due to improper azimuth of
the antenna of SC100 sector (scramble No. is 100). The SC100 sector covers the
area with an antenna azimuth of 90, so the coverage is poor with weak signals and
no primary pilot, which cause pilot pollution.
After adjustment of the antenna azimuth from 90 to 170, the primary pilot signals
become stronger and pilot pollution is eliminated.
0 shows the pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt.
1
Pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt

In 0, the area marked in blacked encounters pilot pollution due to improper antenna
down tilt. The down tilt of SC360 cell is 2, so the coverage area is large, cross-cell
coverage is difficult to control, and interferences to other areas form.
After adjustment of antenna down tilt of SC360 cell from 2 to 7, the cross-cell
coverage by SC360 cell is eliminated and pilot pollution is eliminated.
Some areas with pilot pollution is inapplicable to the previous adjustment. You can
use the following methods based on actual situation:
0
1
2
3
Change
the antenna to a different type

reflection device or isolation device
Adjust installation position of antenna
Adjust NodeB location
Add
6.3.2 PICH Power Adjustment

Pilot pollution is caused by the coverage by multiple pilots. A direct method to solve
the problem is to form a primary pilot by increasing the power of a cell and
decreasing the power of other cells.
An over large down tilt causes aberration of antenna pattern. To reduce coverage
range by pilot, you can decrease PICH power. Over small down tilt causes cross-cell
coverage. To increase coverage range by pilot, you can increase PICH power.
Adjusting power and adjusting antenna must cooperate.
0 shows the pilot pollution due to improper distribution of cells.
1
Pilot pollution due to improper distribution of cells

In 0,
1
2
3
2
The
distance between NodeB A and NodeB B is 1260 meters.

distance between NodeB A and NodeB C is 2820 meters.
The distance between NodeB B and NodeB C is 2360 meters.
The
The distances is unbalanced, so the pilot pollution is difficult to eliminate.
The optimization is to reduce weak pilot strength and eliminate pilot pollution,
detailed as below:
1
2
Ensure
seamless coverage between cells by not adjusting transmit power of

SC20 and SC30 cells.
Decrease the PICH power of SC10, SC40, and SC50 cells by 3 dB. These
cells have little impact on seamless coverage.
6.3.3 Using RRU or Micro Cells

If adjusting power and antenna is not effective to solving pilot pollution, use RRU or
micro cells.
Using RRU or micro cells aims to bring a strong-signal coverage in the area with pilot
pollution, so the relative strength of other signals decreases.
When a network expansion is necessary or more requirements is on network quality,
using RRU or micro cells is recommended. Micro cells are used in traffic hot spot
areas, they support multiple carriers. Micro cells are used if large
1
capacity is needed. Compared with using RRU, using micro cells is more expansive.
0 shows pilot pollution due to ambient factors.
Pilot pollution due to ambient factors
The area marked in black encounters pilot pollution due to ambient factors. The area
is covered by SC60 cell of NodeB A, SC110 cell or NodeB B, and SC130 cell of
NodeB C. However, shown in 0, hills prevent NodeB A from transmitting signals, high
buildings prevent NodeB B and NodeB C from transmitting signals, so the signals
from NodeB A, NodeB B, and NodeB C are weak. On the contrary, SC240 and
SC250 cells of NodeB D have good propagation conditions in this direction.
Therefore the cross-cell coverage is serious and pilot pollution occurs.
Survey photo of each cell related to pilot pollution

High buildings or hills blocks the area, so no strong pilot is present in the area. For
this problem, adjusting antenna down tilt has little effect on eliminating pilot pollution.
Instead adding RRU helps solve the problem.
6.4 Process for Analyzing Pilot Pollution Problem

The process for analyzing pilot pollution problem proceeds as below:
Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell and EcIo for
1st Best ServiceCell. Select the areas with high RSCP and poor EcIo as
candidate areas with pilot pollution.
Analyze scanner-based Whole PP. Select the areas corresponding to candidate
areas as the key areas with pilot pollution.
Locate the cells that cause pilot pollution of the key areas.
Based on RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell, judge whether the pilot pollution is caused
by existence of multiple strong pilots or lack of a strong pilot. For the former
cause, you can solve the problem by weakening other strong pilots. For the
latter cause, you can solve the problem by strengthening some strong pilot.
Analyze the RSCP and Ec/Io distribution of areas related to pilot pollution and
confirm the cells that need eliminating the coverage of an area and that need
enhancing the coverage of an area. Based on the actual environment, analyze
the specific causes to pilot pollution (for analyzing causes, see 6.2.1). For
specific causes, provide solutions to pilot pollution (for solution,
1
see 6.3). While eliminating pilot pollution in an area, consider the influence to other
areas and avoid causing pilot pollution or coverage voids to other areas.
Retest after adjustment. Analyze RSCP, Ec/Io and Whole PP. If they cannot meet
KPI requirements, re-optimize the network by selecting new key areas until KPI
requirements are met.
Note:
In the new optimization, do not adjust the cells that was adjusted in last optimization.
You can add other key areas analyzed by Whole PP (the part that does not
correspond to the candidate areas)
6.5 Optimization Cases for Eliminating Pilot Pollution

The following sections take an optimization by a project and describes the process
for analyzing pilot pollution. 1
6.5.1 Data Analysis before Optimization

Locating Pilot Pollution Point
0 shows the pilot pollution point near Yuxing Rd. SC270 cell is planned to cover the
area with pilot pollution.
Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd.
No new complete case is available, so an old case is used here. The future version will provide new cases.
1
Analyzing Signal Distribution of Cells Near Pilot Pollution Point

Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.
The 2nd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.
1
The 3rd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

The 4th best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.
1
Composition of pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd.

From 0, 0, 0, 0, and 0, though SC20 cell is planned to cover the area, but the best
ServiceCell is as listed in the following table:
Best ServiceCell
Primary
Others
1st best ServiceCell
SC220
SC260 and SC270
2nd best ServiceCell
SC270
SC260, SC220, and SC200
3rd best ServiceCell
SC200
SC270 and SC260
4th best ServiceCell
SC200
SC270 and SC260
Analyzing RSSI Distribution Near Pilot Pollution Point

0 shows the RSSI near Yuxing Rd..
RSSI near Yuxing Rd.
0 shows the RSCP of Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd..
RSCP of Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

As shown in 0, the RSSI of the areas with pilot pollution is not large, about 100 dBm
to 90 dBm. As shown in 0, the RSCP of Best ServiceCell is between 105 dBm to
100 dBm. The pilot pollution of the area is caused by no strong pilot, so you can
solve the problem by strengthening a strong pilot.
Analyzing RSCP Distribution of Related Cells

0 shows the RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd.
RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd.
The SC270 cell is planned to cover the area. 0 shows RSCP of RSCP distribution of
SC270 cell. The signals from SC270 cell are weak in the area with pilot pollution.
According to on-site survey, the residential area is densely distributed by 6-floor or 7floor buildings. The test route fails to cover the major streets, and is
performed in narrow streets with buildings around, so the signals are blocked. The
suggestion is to adjust the azimuth of SC270 cell from 150 to 130 and the down tilt
from 5 to 3. This enhances the coverage of SC270 cell.
6.5.2 Data Analysis after Optimization

After analysis of DT data, the expected result after adjustment is that the coverage
area by SC270 cell increases and the coverage is enhanced.
0 shows the pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.
Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization
0 shows the best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.
Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization
0 shows the RSCP of best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.
1
RSCP of best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization

0 shows the RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.
RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization
According to the DT data, the pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization is
eliminated, the signals from SC270 cell after optimization are stronger, and the
SC270 becomes the best ServiceCell. This complies with the expected result.
7 Handover Problem Analysis
During RF optimization stage, the involved handover problem is about neighbor cell
optimization and SHO Factor based on DT control.
Control the size and location of handover areas by adjusting RF parameters. You
can eliminate handover call drop due to sharp fluctuation and increase handover
success rate.
For other handover problems, see WCDMA Handover and Call Drop Problem
Optimization Guide.
7.1 Neighbor Cell Optimization

The neighbor cell optimization includes adding and removing neighbor cells.
Missing neighbor cells causes that a strong-pilot cell cannot be listed into the active
set so the interference increases as strong as call drop occurs. For missing neighbor
cell, you must add necessary neighbor cells.
Redundant neighbor cells causes that the neighbor cell information is excessive and
unnecessary signals cost occurs. When the neighbor cell list is fully configured, the
needed neighbor cell cannot be listed. For this problem, remove redundant neighbor
cells.
During RF optimization stage, missing neighbor cell is a key problem. The methods
for adding neighbor cells are listed below.
7.1.1 DT Data Analysis

Scanner Data Analysis
The daemon analysis tools can usually check for missing neighbor cells. The
principle is as below:
0
1
Compare
the pilots scanned by scanner and the configured pilots of neighbor

cell list.
Locate these pilot scrambles that meet the handover conditions and that are
not in the neighbor cell list. Output them as a missing neighbor cell report.
2 The following checks and methods related to missing neighbor cells are based
on Assistant.
Type information about NodeB and neighbor cells For details, see Assistant User
Manual.
1
Decide conditions for judging neighbor cells Change the conditions for judging
neighbor cells by selecting Modify Dataset Property. The default configuration
is that if the difference between the pilot of candidate cell and the base cell is
within 5 dB the candidate cell can be listed as a neighbor cell. The configuration
must comply with the actual configuration of system (overall parameters), as
shown in 0.
Changing conditions for judging neighbor cells
The parameters and meanings are as below (according to default configuration
of RNC1.5, you just list the parameters to be changed):
Parameter
Meaning
Recommended
value
1A Threshold
1A event threshold
3 dB
1A Hysteresis
1A event hysteresis
0 dB
1A Time to
Trigger
Time to trigger 1A event
0.320s
1B Threshold
1B event threshold
6 dB
1B Hysteresis
1B event hysteresis
0 dB
1C Hysteresis
1C event hysteresis
4 dB
1D hysteresis
1D event hysteresis
4 dB
Count
Threshold
Times threshold for

judging neighbor cells
10
Generate a missing neighbor cell report

Generating neighbor cell analysis report by using Assistant
Proceed as shown in 0, the Assistant generates a neighbor cell analysis report
in the format of Excel. This Excel-formatted report contains four sheets: Scanner
Statistic, Scanner Result, Imported Config, and Scanner vs Config. Wherein, the
Scanner vs Config sheet is for comparing neighbor cells generated by scanner
and the configured neighbor cells.
0 shows the result of missing neighbor cells.
W-RF Optimization Operations Guide For internal use only 2006-01-18 Huawei
Confidential No Spreading Without Permission Page 59 of 68
Result of missing neighbor cells

For the missing neighbor cells generated automatically by Assistant, you must check
according to the location information of the cell on the map whether to add the
missing neighbor cells to the neighbor cell list. For the missing neighbor cells due to
cross-cell coverage, the primary task is to solve coverage problem by adjusting RF
parameters. If this fails, you can temporarily solve the problem by adding neighbor
cells.
UE Data Analysis
The daemon analysis tool can seldom analyze UE data automatically and generate
missing neighbor cells, so RNO engineers must analyze the missing neighbor cells
one by one for confirmation. Missing neighbor cell might cause call drop or access
failure or cause Ec/Io to deteriorate for a period. Based on data analysis by scanner,
you can easily locate these points with missing neighbor cells, detailed as below:
Compare the active set Ec/Io distribution diagram measured by UE and that
measured by scanner The spots with missing neighbor cells has a poor Ec/Io
measured by UE and a strong Ec/Io scanned by scanner. Locate the areas for
further analysis.
Check the points with poor Ec/Io and check whether the strongest scramble by
scanner is neither in active set nor in monitoring set. If yes, move to the third
step for confirmation. If the scramble exists in the monitoring set, the problem is
not about missing neighbor cell but about Ec/Io deterioration due to handover
(reselection) delay and soft handover failure.
Check the latest intra-frequency measurement control whether the neighbor cell list
contains the strong scrambles by scanner You can also directly check the
neighbor cells continuation of the base cell under the RNC for deciding missing
neighbor cells.
The following paragraphs describes a case about call drop due to missing neighbor
cell.
Check the Ec/Io coverage information of active set measured by UE, and you can
find that the Ec/Io of the active set is weak near call drop point and the signals are as
weak as lower than 15 dB. The base cell is SC209 cell, as shown in 0.
Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by UE before call drop
You also need to check data from scanner about the call drop point for the points
with poor signals. The signals , from SC128 cell, measured by scanner is strong, as
shown in 0.
Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by scanner before call drop
From 0 and 0, SC128 encounters missing neighbor cell. For confirmation, check the
message process behind to front for intra-frequency measurement control message.
Check whether SC128 exists in the list of intra-frequency neighbor cells. The result is
that SC128 is not in the list of intra-frequency neighbor cells, therefore the call drop
is caused by missing neighbor cell.
If only UE recorded data in the test without data from scanner, confirm by the
following method whether the problem is caused by missing neighbor cell:
Check scrambles of all cells listed in active set measured by UE before call drop
Check scramble information of the cell where UE camps again after call drop and
check whether the scrambles are in active set and monitoring set before call
drop If yes, the call drop might be due to missing neighbor cell.
Check the list of neighbor cells
7.1.2 Removing Redundant Neighbor Cells

According to the protocol, the maximum WCDMA neighbor cells is 32. The base cell
itself is also included in the intra-frequency neighbor cell list, so the actual intrafrequency neighbor cell is 31 at most. If there are already 31 or more neighbor cells,
adding necessary neighbor cells in optimization is difficult. Therefore, you must
remove some redundant neighbor cells.
Principles
You must be very careful to remove redundant neighbor cells. If the necessary
neighbor cells are removed, problems like call drop occur. Therefore follow the
principles below:
1
2
Before
removing neighbor cells, check the revision records of neighbor cells

whether the neighbor cells to be removed are those that were added in previous
DT and optimization.
After removing neighbor cells, perform comprehensive test, including DT and
call quality test (CQT) in important indoor spots, and check for abnormalities. If
there are abnormalities, restore the data configuration.
2 Possible Removals
During RF optimization stage, you might remove neighbor cells in the following
situations:
1
2
Remove
the neighbor cells related to cross-cell coverage on the precondition

that the cross-cell coverage problem is solved and no new weak coverage
areas are appear.
Remove neighbor cells according to experiences while referring to the network
topology structure. This applies to that the original neighbor cell list
2
Further research will be on how to define the range of difference of SHO Factor based on DT between RF
optimization and KPI
is full and new neighbor relations must be added. Perform test after removal
and confirm that the removal does not cause bigger problems. Otherwise, you
must reselect the neighbor cells to be removed.
2 In the later stages, you can refer to removing traffic measurement statistics. For
details, see WCDMA Handover and Call Drop Problem Optimization Guide.
3
7.2 SHO Factor based on DT Analysis
7.2.1 Definition of SHO Factor based on DT

According to the DT data from scanner, you can obtain the SHO Factor based on DT,
defined as below:
DTin points collected-scanner totalofNumber conditionshandover meet the that DTin

points collected-scanner ofNumber RatioHandoverSoft
No subscribers are using the network during RF optimization stage, so UE DT data
of entire network in a time is used and geographically averaged by 5 meters. You
can obtain the ratio of the points in soft handover state to all DT points. Set the
scanner consistent to the system parameters with default configuration, such as 1A
and 1B threshold.
7.2.2 General Principles and Methods in Optimization

The SHO Factor based on DT during RF optimization stage must be 5%10% 2 lower
than the KPI target value, because the following optimizations cause SHO Factor
based on DT to increase and brings difficulties in ensuring traffic measurement SHO
Factor based on DT.
At the end of large-scale coverage optimization and pilot pollution optimization, the
SHO Factor based on DT will be within or close to the target range. Upon this, no
specific optimization on SHO Factor based on DT is necessary, and you can adjust
the ratio during parameter optimization. If the SHO Factor based on DT still cannot
meet the requirements after large-scale adjustment, you must optimize the SHO
Factor based on DT.
If the SHO Factor based on DT is over large, decrease or change the handover
areas by using the following methods for shrinking coverage areas:
0
Increase
the down tilt
0
1
2
Adjust
azimuth
the antenna height
Decrease the PICH power
Decrease
2 The precondition for adjustment is that the adjustment will not cause new
coverage voids, coverage blind zone, and more pilot pollution.
The adjustment proceeds as below:
Start Assistant
Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 4th Best ServiceCell and RSCP for 3rd Best
ServiceCell
Select candidate cells in the 4th Best ServiceCell and 3rd Best ServiceCell 0 shows
the RSCP for the candidates in 4th Best ServiceCell. List the SC136 cell as a
candidate cell.
At this stage, the pilot pollution comes to an end. RSCP for 3rd Best ServiceCell is
more useful in terms of reference. Select the sites or cells to which the adjustment is
applicable and does not break the preconditions. If the actual SHO Factor based on
DT after adjustment is still different from the KPI one, select candidate cells from
RSCP for 2nd Best ServiceCell. The sites are densely distributed in microcell
coverage areas, so the SHO Factor based on DT is much higher.
RSCP for candidate of 4th Best ServiceCell
8 Adjustment Methods
The adjustment during RF optimization stage include adjusting neighbor cell list and
adjusting engineering parameters.
Most coverage and interference problems can be solved after adjusting the following
site engineering parameters (from superior to inferior):
Adjust antenna down tilt
Adjust antenna azimuth
Adjust antenna height
Adjust antenna location
Change antenna type
Add TMAs
Change site type (such as changing a site supporting 20 W power amplifier to a site
supporting 40 W power amplifier)
Change site location
Construct new site or add RRU
9 Summary
This document describes the content of RF optimization in network optimization. RF

optimization concern the improvement of signal distribution, and it helps to provide a
good radio signal environment for the following parameter optimization.
The test during RF optimization is usually DT, with other tests as supplementary. The
problems to be analyzed during RF optimization is primarily about coverage, pilot
pollution, and handover, with problem as supplementary. RF optimization help to
solve handover, call drop, access, and interference problems. The parameters to be
adjusted during RF optimization are primarily engineering parameters. Cell
parameters are adjusted during parameter optimization stage (excluding adjusting

neighbor cell list).
This document is mainly for RF optimization of new network. How to optimize an
existing network for expansion needs further tracing. The methods for optimize SHO
Factor based on DT and the judgment conditions for removing neighbor cells are still
under research, and they will be supplemented in the future versions.
0 10 Appendix: Coverage Enhancement Technologies

2
3
10.1 Coverage-enhancing Technologies

10.1.1 TMAs
Using TMAs helps to reduce the total noise figure of NodeB receiver subsystem, so
the uplink coverage performance is improved. The coverage gain depends on the
mechanism of receiver subsystem and loss of related feeders. If the system downlink
capacity is restricted, using TMAs will shrink system capacity. The typical capacity
shrinkage is 6%10%.
10.1.2 Receive and Transmit Diversity

Increase the number and improve the quality of RAKE receivers of UE by using time
switched transmit diversity (TSTD) and space and time transmit diversity (STTD) in
the downlink. Therefore the coverage range is expanded, system capacity increases,
and the number of NodeBs decreases.
Using four-antenna receiver diversity reduces requirements on Eb/No needed in
demodulation. In line of sight, compared with the gains of 2 antennas with 2 receiver
diversity, the gain of 2 antennas with 4 receiver diversity is 2.53.0 dB. You can
adjust the uplink sensitivity by 2.53.0 dB and reduce the sites by 25%30%.
10.1.3 RRU
Remote radio unit (RRU) physically detach NodeB RF module from baseband
module, so you can place RF module afar without using very long feeders. The
uplink and downlink link budget is improved. Remote RF indicates that the coverage
performance is improved but the system capacity remains the same. Compared with
remote RF, using TMAs increases maximum path loss and lowers NodeB EIRP due
to bringing insertion loss.
10.1.4 Micro Cells

NodeBs are densely distributed in urban and dense urban areas, so selecting a site
is difficult. Using micro cells is a solution to high capacity and caters for urban and
dense urban environment. A feature of using micro cells is that buildings are
1
used to block signals so that the interference from neighbor cells is lowered and
downlink capacity is increased.
W-RF Optimization Operations Guide For internal use only 2006-01-18 Huawei Confidential No Spreading Without
Permission Page 68 of 68
References
[1] GENEX Probe Radio Air Interface Test Software User Manual
[2] GENEX Nastar WC MA User Manual (DCHN)

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W-RF Optimization Operations Guide For internal use only 2006-01-18 Huawei Confidential No Spreading

Without Permission Page 1 of 68

For internal use only

W-RF Optimization Operations Guide

Xie Zhibin, Jiao Anqiang, Hua Yunlong, Hu

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Revising it according to review

Simplifying tasks of RF optimization,

Replacing CQT method with indoor test;

baseline; Adding optimization target and

updating partial cases; adding cases for

6.4 Process for Analyzing Pilot Pollution

W-RF Optimization Guide

Acronyms and abbreviations:

Acronyms and abbreviations

Common Pilot Channel

Key Performance Indicator

Man Machine Language

Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator

Operation and Maintenance Center

Radio Network Controller

Received Signal Code Power

Received Total Wideband Power

Very Important Cell

Very Important People

Radio Network Planning

Tower Mounted Amplifier

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

Channel Quality Indicator

1.1 Contents of RF Optimization

signal coverage optimization It includes the following two parts:

1.2 Document Structure

7 Handover Problem Analysis

2 Basic Processes for RF Optimization

RF optimization also involves optimizing list of neighbor cells.

2.1 Flow Chat of RF Optimization

0 shows the RF optimization flow chat.

RF optimization flow chat

2.2 Detailed Sections of RF Optimization

2.2.2 Data Collection

Data collection is a precondition for problem analysis.

2.2.3 Problem Analysis

engineering parameters (such as down tilt and azimuth) during RF optimization

Test preparations include the following four aspects:

3.1 Deciding Optimization Goal

Actually, different operators might have different standards on KPI requirements,

According to test result from the

According to test result from the

The SHO Factor based on DT should

The RF optimization of HSDPA services aims to improve the

= (1- a) * Ior + Ioc + No

Therefore, PCPICH Ec/Nt is approximately equal to PCPICH Ec/Io.

the maximum transmit power of cell

throughput rate at MAC-HS

The throughput rate provided in is based on the

codes and lub are not restricted.

If operators' requirement on throughput rate at cell edge is not the recommended

As previously mentioned, to optimize HSDPA is to optimize Ec/Io of

3.2 Dividing Clusters

to experiences, the number of NodeBs in a cluster depends on the

clusters according to administrative areas. This is easily acceptable by the

Divided clusters in a project

and JB04 belongs to dense urban areas.

3.3 Deciding Test Route