Lesson 2

Conservation of mechanical
energy:
Activity :1
Push a simple pendulum gently then leave it.
Obs:
1. On displacing the pendulum, a work is done,
This work is stored in the form of potential energy.
2. When the pendulum is left:
The potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
Till it reaches a maximum speed where all of its energy is
converted into kinetic energy.
How much alike are the motion of the children swing& the
pendulum?
* In both the swing& the pendulum the potential& kinetic energies
are interchanged without ending.
* The sum of the two energies at any moment is constant.
Law of conservation of mechanical energy:
The sum of potential& kinetic energies of an object under the effect
of gravity is constant.

Simple electric cell

Activity 2: Lemon& electricity:
* Try to soften the lemon.
* Dip the zinc rod& the copper wire in
the lemon.
* Form an electric circuit near a
compass.
Obs:
* The compass deflects indicating the flow of an electric current.
Conc:
* Chemical reactions convert chemical energy into electric
energy.
N.B.
The electric cell is composed of an acid solution & 2 different metals
dipped in.

Activity: 3
1. Make an electric circuit as in figure:
D
2. Close the circuit for one minute.
Obs:
The lamp lights up& becomes warm.
Conc:
In the electric lamp, electric energy is converted into light energy&
heat energy.

Energy transformation

* On operating a car engine, several transformations of energy take

place.
Mention some of these transformations.
1. On burning of fuel inside the car:
Chemical energy is converted into heat energy,
which produces mechanical energy that move the car.
2. The electric generator (Dynamo):
A part of mechanical energy is converted into electric energy.
3. The car lamp:
A part of electric energy is converted into light energy.
4. The radio cassette:
A part of electric energy is converted into sound energy.
5. The heater of the air conditioning:
A part of electric energy is converted into heat energy.
Law of energy conservation:
Energy is neither created nor destroyed but it is converted from one
form into another.

Energy& environment
Technology has negative effect since man used it in:
1. Wars& killing.
2. Massive destruction.
Some technology applications have results which cause
environmental pollution such as:
Electromagnetic pollution, chemical pollution, air, water, soil &
noise.

Lesson 3

Heat and its transferring:

Activity:
1. Put some identical metals spheres
in hot water.
2. Put other some in cold water
3. Leave them until be sure that
the spheres have the same
temperature of water around them.
4. Mix the cold& hot spheres together.
5. Record the temperature by thermometer.
Obs: The temperature of the mixture is between the first& the
second due to the transfer of heat from hot balls to cold balls.
Conc:
Heat is transferred from high temperature to a lower one
till the temperature of the mixed spheres becomes equal.
Movement of the particles& temperature:
Activity:
1. Put some balls in a plastic cup
& record the temperature.
2. Invert another similar cup on
the first tightly.
3. Shake the 2 cups from 20 to30 times
then determine the temperature.
Obs: The temperature rises due to the friction between the balls.
Conc:
Temperature is raised as speed of spheres increases.
i.e. as the kinetic energy of the particles increases.

Temperature & friction

1. Rub your hands together.
Obs: They feel hot.
Activity:
1. Invert your bicycle.
2. Let the pedal turn fast, then
press the bicycle breaks strongly.
3. Touch the frame of the wheel when it stops.
Obs: It feels hot.
Conc:
Friction turns mechanical energy into heat energy.
Heat energy
Heat energy: is a form of energy which transfers from higher temperature to a
lower one.
Temperature: is the condition which states the direction of heat energy
weather from or to the object when it comes in contact with another.
N.B.
Temperature is proportional to the kinetic energy of the particles.
Heat transferring
1. By conduction:
1. Put a metal spoon in a cup of hot tea.
Obs: You feel the hotness of the spoon.
Conc: Heat is transferred through solids by conduction.
2. By convection:
Heat transfers in gases& liquids by convection, where the hot molecules
rises upwards, while colder molecules have more density& fall down.
3. By radiation:
Heat transfers in gases& space by radiation without any need of
material medium.

Applications on heat transferring

Give reasons:
1. The freezer is found at the top of the fridge.
Because when the air is cooled, its density increases so it falls
down to cool the food in the refrigerator.
2. The electric heater is placed down on the ground.
Because when the air is heated, its density decreases so it rises
up to warm the room.
* Technological applications to produce heat:
Heater
Water heater
Stove
Ovens.
Some of these applications work by petrol fuel
(non- permanent resource).
Some of them work with solar energy as a permanent source.
Give reasons:
The solar energy is preferred over other types.
Because it is considered as the cleanest source of energy
(doesn't pollute the environment)

Unit 3 (Lesson 1)
1. Diversity of animals
Animals differ in:
* Shape
* Size
* Way of feeding
* The environment that they live in.
Examples:
* Big animals such as elephant& rhinoceros, small animals
as rabbit, rats& lizard.
* There are animals live in water such as fishes, crocodiles&
hippopotami
Others live on land such as horse, lion& dog.
2 . Diversity of plants
* Huge trees such as camphor& palms.
* Short weeds such as clover& gargeer.
* Plants carry large-sized leaves such as banana plants.
* Plants carry small-sized leaves such as molukhiyah.
3. Diversity of micro-organisms
Diversity between micro-organisms which
can't be seen by naked eye they can be seen
only under microscope.
* Unicellular micro-organisms such as,
Amoeba, Euglena& Paramecium.
They differ in shape& the way of movement.

Give reasons:
Scientist classifies the living organisms.
Due to the enormous diversity of living organisms, scientists
classify them to ease their studying.

1. According to their shapes (external appearance):

Some plants can't be

distinguished into roots,
stems& leaves such as
Algae( green, red & brown)

Most plants can be distinguished

into roots, stems& leaves such as
Corn, Wheat, Palms& Camphor

2. According to the
reproduction

Formation of
spores
Voughair&
Adiantum are
known as Ferns

Formation of seeds
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
( Flowering plant)
The seeds are formed
* Monocotyledon
inside cones such as
Maize& Wheat
Pine plant
& Cycas
* Dicotyledons
Beans& Peas

3rd: Classifying living organisms according to the

nature of body supporting.
Animals are classified according to the existence of support into:

Soft bodies
Supported bodies
Their bodies don't have a
support such as:
They are divided according to the
location of the support into:
* Jelly fish,
1. External support
2. Internal support
* Octopus
Such as
Such as
* Worms.
Mussels
Snail

vertebrates as:
* Fish
* Reptiles
* Birds&
*Mammals

4th : Classifying arthropods according to the number of legs:

Arthropods are invertebrate animals that are characterized by
a type of legs known as jointed legs.
1. Insects
Have three pairs of joint legs such as
Locusts, Bees, Flies& Cockroaches.
2. Arachnids
Have four pairs of joint legs such as
Spider and Scorpion.
3. Myriapods
Have large number of jointed legs such as
Scolopendra and Julius.

5th Classifying mammals according to the type & number of teeth.

Mammals are classified according to the existence of teeth into:
1) Edentates ( Teeth less)
Such as sloth& Armadillo
2) Mammals having teeth:
According to the shape& type, they are divided into:
Front teeth Pointed
Sharp incisors
Extending canines&
Are divided according to their
outwards. molars
number in each jaw into:
with sharp
projections.
Rodents
Lagomorphs
They have one They have two pairs
pair of incisors
of incisors in the
in each jaw.
upper jaw& only
one pair in the
lower jaw.
Such as:
Such as the
Such as: Such as:
Rat& Squirrel.
rabbit.
Hedgehog Lion&
tiger
(Why?)
To capture
the insects.

Taxonomy
It is a branch of biology searching the similarities& the differences among
living organisms, and placing the similar ones in groups according to a certain
system in order to ease their studying.

Species
It is the basic classification unit for living organisms.
* Linnaeus had considered the species as fundamentals of a natural
classifying system.

Species:

Is a group of more similar living organism's shape that can reproduce to

give birth of new fertile individuals that are able to reproduce therefore
keeping the existence of the species.

Activity: Classifying a group of animals into species.

The best classification is putting them into 3 groups;
the cat group, the dog group& the rabbit group.
* Cats differ from each other, but they are more different than
rabbits.
* It is impossible for cats to mate to rabbits whereas mating can take
place between two any couples of cats whatever the difference is in
shape or size.
N.B
* When a donkey& a zebra are mating, they can't produce fertile
individuals known as Zonkey.

B. they are different species

Lesson 2
* Multiplicity of environments where living organisms live is the most
important reasons for diversity in order to cope with the environmental
changes such as climate change, food& existence of water.
Activity 1: A camel pad& a horse hoof.
Give reasons:
1. The camel pad ends in a thick flat one.
To enable the camel walking through the hot desert sands without
sinking.
2. The horse hoof ends in a strong solid end.
To help the horse go through the rocky soil.
So
Both of them cope with the method of motion& the environment condition
where each of them lives this is known as Adaptation.
Adaptation:
Is a modification in a living organism or its body structure or even the
biological function of its organs to become more adapted to the
environmental conditions where it lives in.
Types of adaptation
Structural
Functional
Behavioral
(anatomical)
As in bird migration
It studies the
The ability of some
structure of
organs& tissues to do a
or activity of birds
one body organ
specific function as
or animals in
secreting sweat in high
such as
different times as
temperature as in human
Horse hoof&
day& night.
Camel pad.
or secreting poison as in
snake.

The reasons of adaptation:

1. To get food is the most important reason.
2. To escape from its enemies in dangerous situations.

Modifications in mammal's limbs enable them to move in different ways

that match with their environment& life style.
***Modification of front limbs in mammals:
1. Paddles of whales& dolphins for swimming.
2. Wings of bats for flying .
3. Legs of horse for running.
4. Long arm of monkeys for climbing& catching things.

Bird's beak& legs are modified& varies in their structure to adapt

the food type& environmental conditions they have.
The bird
1. Predatory
Hawks& Vultures

2. Birds that feed on

shallow water worms&
Snails such as hoopoe.
3. Water birds such as
ducks& geese which
feeds on mosses & fish

The shape of beak& legs

* Beak: Sharp& strong crooked beaks
To enable to tear the prey.
* Legs: Four fingers ending with strong sharp
claws ( 3 front fingers& a back one)
To be able to bend to control pouncing
the prey.
* Beak: Long& thin to help them to pick up
worms& snails.
* Legs: Long& thin ending with thin fingers
to walk in the existence of water.
* Beak: wide indented in the two sides to help
them filter the food from water.
* Legs: Palm legs to help swimming.

Adaptation in insectivorous ( insect - eating) plants:

Examples: Drosera, Dieonea& Halophila
* They are self feeding green plants that
can perform photosynthesis process& make carbohydrates.
* They can't absorb the nitrogenous substances needed to make proteins.
So some parts of these plants are modified in order to pounce&
digest insects then absorb the nitrogenous substances that their
bodies need.

Lesson 3

Give reasons: The dinosaurs& mammoth perished& extinct.

* Because they couldn't adapt to the environmental changes.
Examples of adaptation in living organisms:

1. Hibernation

To overcome the decreasing of

temperature:
In winter, some animals hide in
burrows as reptiles& some
insects
or bury themselves in mud, stop
feeding& their activities are
decreased as frogs.
In spring, when the conditions
become favour, they return back
to their normal activities.

2. Aestivation

To overcome the rising in

Temperature& shortage of
water:
In summer, some animals become
in a dormant& hide in humid
burrows.
Such as jerboa, desert snail&
some insects.

3. Bird migration:
* Some species of birds are adapted to the environmental conditions by
migration from cold& polar regions during winter to more lighted& warmer
regions for reproduction.
* Then they return back to their original habitats in spring.
* These birds inherit this behavior where they migrate into the same places
at the same times every year. Example: Quail bird.

4. Adaptation for hiding:

Some animals can color themselves with the dominant colours in the
environment.
1. Leaf- insect which is hardly discovered by its enemies because it looks
like the plant leaves in colour& shape of wings.
2. Stick- insect which looks like the branches of plants as well.
3. Chameleon colors itself with the dominant colours of the environment to be
hidden from its preys of insects to capture them& feed on.
Camouflage:
Is the ability of some living organisms to be hidden from their enemies or
to capture the preys in the predator species.

Give reasons:

Camel is the desert ship

Camel is considered as one of the most adapted animals to live in desert.

* Some adaptation features in camel:
1. The Camel has a plenty number of lacrimal glands&
2 rows of long eye lashes.
* To protect its eyes from sandstorm.
2. The camel can control the opening& closing of its nostrils.
* To protect its nose from sandstorm.
3. Camel's ear is small& covered with dense hair from inside.
* To protect it from sand& dust.
4. The camel's fur thickness differ at its body reagions.
* To protect it from the extreme cold at night& to ease heat
loss by radiation during daylight.
5. The camel's legs end in a broad pad.
* To prevent it from sinking in smooth sand.
6. The camel has a thick skin.
* To protect it from high temperature of the soil.
7. The forked upper lip camel's mouth& the strong enamel of its teeth.
* To enable it to eat the spiny& dry desert plants without
harming it.
8. The camel stores an amount of fats in its hump.
* To keep its survival for 3- 4 months without eating any food.
9. The camel's blood temperature is not constant as in other mammals,
It changes from 340C during the morning to 410C during
daylight hours.
* To not lose too much water through sweating.