Percent Yield Definition and Example

Why there is a percent yield

Reactions rarely produce the predicted amount of product from the masses of reactants in the
reaction .An example of this is the reaction of carbon with oxygen. Normally we expect a 1 mol
yield of carbon dioxide for every mol of carbon burned. This does not always happen.

C(s) + O2(g) --- > CO2(g)

If you burn 12 grams of carbon to make CO2, then amount of carbon dioxide expected is one mol
of CO2 or 44 grams of CO2.

Sadly the amount you will get will probably be less than 44 grams and more like 34 grams of CO2.
The problem is a competing reaction that happens. Some carbon reacts to make CO.

2 C(s) + O2(g) --- > 2 CO(g)

The carbon participating in this "side" reaction will not be able to make CO2. The reaction will not
yield 100% of the expected CO2.

The amount of carbon dioxide produced, 34 grams of CO2 is only 77% and not 100 % of the
expected 44 grams.

Percent yield = 100 x ( 34 grams CO2 actual / 44 grams CO2 predicted ) = 77 %

The percent yield is defined as

The predicted yield is determined by the masses used in a reaction and the mole ratios in the
balanced equation. This predicted yield is the "ideal". It is not always possible to get this amount
of product. Reactions are not always simple. There often are competing reactions. For example, if
you burn carbon in air you can get carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide formed. The two
reactions occur simultaneously. Some carbon atoms end up in CO and others end up in CO2. The
typical calculation in a starting class assumes that there is only one path for the reactants. This is
an over simplification.You know for example from real life that food is not always converted to
energy. If you eat a cookie, some of it could end up stored as "fat" Ugh!

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Example:

What is the percent yield for a reaction if you predicted the formation of 21. grams of C6H12 and
actually recovered only 3.8 grams?

1. Recall definition of percent yield.

2. Substitute the actual and predicted yields.

3. Answer: The percent yield is 18 %.

Example:

A reaction between solid sulfur and oxygen produces sulfur dioxide.

The reaction started with 384 grams of S6 (s). Assume an unlimited supply of oxygen. What is the
predicted yield and the percent yield if only 680 grams of sulfur dioxide are produced?

1 S6 (s) 6 O2 (g) 6 SO2 (g)

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Step 1 : Calculate the molar masses for S6 (s) and SO2(g). The oxygen has no effect on the
answer because there is more than you need.

1 mole S6 (s)= 193 grams S6 (s); 1 mole SO2(g) = 64 grams SO2(g)

Step 2 : Mole ration method

Determine the mole ratio for 1 mole S6 (s) to mole SO2(g)

The balanced equation indicates 1 mole S6 (s) to 6 mole SO2(g)

Step 3: Calculate the number of moles of S6 (s)

moles S6 (s) = [384 g S6 (s)][ 1 mole S6 (s)/ 192 g S6 (s)] = 2 moles S6 (s)
Step 4: Calculate the moles of SO2(g) expected using the mole ratio 6 moles
SO2(g) / 1 mole S6 (s)

moles SO2(g) = 2 moles S6 (s)[6 SO2(g) / 1 S6 (s)] = 12 moles SO2(g)

Step 5: Calculate the grams of SO2(g) predicted using 1 mole SO2(g) = 64 grams
SO2(g)

grams SO2(g) = 12 moles SO2(g)[64 grams SO2(g)/1 mole SO2(g)] = 768 g

SO2(g)
Step 6: Calculate the percent yield using the definition

Percent yield = 100[actual yield/ predicted yield] = 100[680 grams SO2(g)/ 768 g
SO2(g)]= 89%
By Mr SDAIQ AMIN
MSC BioChemistry
M.Ed.
B.Ed.
PGCC.
PGDC.
CT.