Introduction

Session 2009-2013
Chapter 1

Introduction

BACKGROUND 1.1
Even decades after the induction motor gained widespread use, changing the
frequency for speed control remained an extremely difficult task and the physical
construction of the motor prevented manufacturers from creating motors with more than two
speeds. So this is minimized by using the variable frequency drive.
Voltage dips and their impact on customer loads consti- tute the most prevalent power
quality problem in distribu- tion systems. Voltage dips can result in tripping of cus- tomer
equipment and shutting down of production lines leading to production loss and expensive
restart proce- dures. Sensitive equipment to voltage dips include: com- puter-controlled
processes, variable speed drives (VSD) and induction motors. System modifications can be
implemented to minimize the magnitude and duration of voltage dips. Special meas- ures can
be implemented at the customer end to reduce equipment sensitivity to voltage dips. Among
the different types of equipment, which are sus- ceptible to voltage dips, induction motors are
the most commonly used and are the easiest to deal with.

1.2 EFFECT OF VOLTAGE DIPS ON INDUCTION MOTORS

Voltage dips are mostly due to system short circuits. Their magnitudes depend on the
short circuit level of the feeding network and the proximity of the fault to the affected bus
bar. Their durations depend on the clearing time of the fault. After the fault is removed the
system voltage may recover to a value higher than its pre-fault value. This is due to loss of
load, and the accompanying voltage drop, upon removal of feeding lines during the fault
clearing process. As the supply voltage to the induction motor decreases, the motor speed
decreases. Depending on the size and the duration of the voltage dip, the motor speed may
recover to its normal value as the voltage amplitude recovers. If the voltage dip magnitude
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Session 2009-2013

and/or duration exceed certain limits the motor may stall and would be taken out of the system by the locked rotor protection. Maximum voltage dip magnitude and/or duration, which
the motor operation can survive, depend on the motor parameters and the torque-speed
characteristic of the driven load. Motor recovering process after voltage dips is dynamically
similar to motor starting process and is accompanied by large inrush currents. Depending on
motor protection settings, these currents can trigger short circuit or locked rotor protection of
the motor resulting in the tripping of the motor. Most of induction machine protection
settings are too conservative. This leaves room for adjusting these settings without causing
any threat to the motor safety. Many of the unnecessary motor tripping incidents can be
avoided by simple adjustment to the motor protection settings

1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

Today variable frequency drive is used in every industrial and many other application
such as loading, shifting the material in various application point, and also transferring the
material from one place to another place.

VFDs provide the most energy efficient means of capacity control.

VFDs have the lowest starting current of any starter type.

VFDs reduce thermal and mechanical stresses on motors and belts.

VFD installation is as simple as connecting the power supply to the VFD.

VFDs with AFE technology can meet even the most stringent harmonic standards and
reduce backup generator sizing.

VFDs provide high power factor, eliminating the need for external power factor
correction capacitors.

VFDs provide lower KVA, helping alleviate voltage sags and power outages.

1.4 INTRODUCTION ABOUT PROJECT

Basic idea to make this project to exhibit the unique quality of the
variable frequency drive upon the induction motor. This project shows the

Introduction

Session 2009-2013

handling of the motor control through VFD. Induction motor shows high inrush
current but if it shut during the operation it will cost the high power loss but if we
control it efficiently we will save the energy and also helpful in controlling of the
motor.
This project will help us economical and operation control of the motor.
VFD is helping the starting the characterizing. . VFDs manipulate the frequency
of their output by rectifying an incoming AC current into DC, and then using
voltage pulse-width modulation to recreate an AC current and voltage output
waveform.
Although VFD runs high power factor so we also increase the power
factor.

1.4.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE

In few years ago When Tesla first introduced the 3-phase alternating current (AC)
induction motor in 1888, he knew that his invention was more efficient and reliable than
Edison's direct current (DC) motor. However, AC motor speed control requires either varying
the magnetic flux or changing the number of poles on the motor. Even decades after the
induction motor gained widespread use, changing the frequency for speed control remained
an extremely difficult task and the physical construction of the motor prevented
manufacturers from creating motors with more than two speeds.
As a result, DC motors were necessary where accurate speed control and significant
power output were required. In contrast to AC motor speed control requirements, DC motor
speed control was achieved by inserting a rheostat into the low-power DC field circuit, which
was feasible with available technology. These simple motor controls varied the speed and
torque, and were the most economical way to do so for a number of decades.
But today in industries variable-frequency drives (VFDs) accurately control the
speed of standard AC induction or synchronous motors. With VFDs, speed control with full
torque is achieved from 0 rpm through the maximum rated speed and, if required, above the
rated speed at reduced torque. VFDs manipulate the frequency of their output by rectifying
an incoming AC current into DC, and then using voltage pulse-width modulation to recreate
an AC current and voltage output waveform.
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VFDs run at a high power factor. Any class of induction motors usually has a low
power factor at half and three-quarters load (0.75 to 0.85). This actually decreases the life of
the motor, because the unnecessary increase in current overheating the winding insulation.
VFDs bypass this problem by running the load at a frequency below the fundamental.
The most obvious reason to procure a VFD is speed control. This is usually done for process,
operation, and economic benefits. One economic benefit comes from the reduction of
maintenance when using a VFD, especially not having to deal with the DC motor carbon
brushes or mechanical speed-control gearboxes (transmissions). The most obvious economic
benefits of VFDs occur with fans and pumps. The power that a pump or fan consumes is
directly proportional to the cube of the velocity. This means if an operator can run a fan at
80% of full speed, it theoretically uses 51% of full load power.
VFDs also optimize motor starting characteristics. VFDs bring motors up to full
speed quickly and by drawing only 100% to 150% of full load amps (FLAs). This ability to
start at normal FLA is very important if the power supply cannot withstand the normally six
times FLA across-the-line starting draw, or even the 350% FLA soft-start device current.
VFDs do this by managing the magnetic flux of an induction motor. Magnetic flux is directly
proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the frequency. By keeping the flux
constant, the inrush current does not exceed the FLA rating of the motor, and full torque is
maintained. This is a significant improvement on a soft-start, which has significant voltage
drop problems and cannot start under full load.

1.5 COMPONENTS USED

PIC 16f877a

PIC18f452

LCD JH162A (16x2)

LCD JHD204( 20x4)

VFD (Variable Frequency Drive)

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Transistor (C945)

Regulator (7805)

Induction Motor (1 HP)

Ouptocouplers (orient 817c / 1320)

1.0A glass passivated bridge rectifier (DB107)

IGBT (B1152)

Relay Module (JQC 3FT73)

Capacitors (100uf,150uf,1uf,390uf)

Transformer (220v to 220v)

Pulse transformer (303W0R4a)

Variable resistor (Boater 3296)

SCR thyristor (25RIA120)

Max 232, 5 volt

Potential Transformer (220v to 12v)

Current Transformer (converting WAPDA power current to 1A)

VESO board

Resistors

Introduction

Diodes

Crystal (20 MHZ)

Color Leds (red)

Inductors bank

Capacitor Bank

Variable resistor (that can be adjusted with hand/nail)

Push buttons

Connecting wire

Wooden Frame

Power supply

Connectors

Session 2009-2013

1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:

To eliminate the voltage dip.
To operate the inductive motor at desired speeds.
To improve the power factor of the system.
Improve stability of the system.
Reduce losses in the system.

Provide substantial energy savings.

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