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DOI 10.1007/s11130-012-0314-0
ORIGINAL PAPER
Introduction
Recently, fruit quality research has received special attention in
view of the possibility to release new appealing cultivars,
which satisfy horticultural and market requirements [1].
A. Leccese (*) : S. Bartolini
Scuola Superiore SantAnna di Studi Universitari e di
Perfezionamento,
Piazza Martiri della Libert, 33,
56127 Pisa, Italy
e-mail: a.leccese@sssup.it
R. Viti
Dipartimento di Coltivazione e Difesa delle Specie Legnose G.
Scaramuzzi, Facolt di Agraria, Pisa University,
Via del Borghetto 80,
Pisa, Italy
318
Statistical Analysis
Data were reported by means of three independent determinations/year with standard errors of the means (SEM). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to
standardized (z-scores) variables. Correlation matrix was
used to extract principal components (PCs) and PCs scores
319
Table 1 Geographical origin, ripening time, harvest time (days before/after San Castrese reference cultivar for ripening) and parental lines of the
studied genotypes
Genotype
Origin
Ripening time
Harvest
Parents
Gheriana
7C25/5
Bona
Maharani
Sillari
5C9-1
Harcot
Amabile Vecchioni
San Castrese
11-26-2
Boccuccia Spinosa
Sel 7C20/3
Portici
Early
Early
Early-medium
Early-medium
Early-medium
Early-medium
Early-medium
Early-medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
10
10
7
7
7
7
6
5
a
July 1st
0
0
+3
+3
PorticiHarcot
PorticiHarcot
PorticiHarcot
RivalAntonio Errani
B. SpinosaHarcot
B. SpinosaHarcot
[(GenevaNaramata)Morden 604)(PhelpsPerfection)]
Unknown
Unknown
B. SpinosaHarcot
Unknown
HaggitP. brigantiaca
Unknown
Ammiraglia
Silvana
Pisana
11-37-3
Canino Tardivo
Pisa University
Pisa University
Pisa University
Pisa University
Spain
Medium-late
Late
Late
Late
Late
+6
+11
+11
+11
+18
B. SpinosaHarcot
BergeronCanino T.
Precoce di Toscana open pollinated
Canino T.Pisana
Unknown
highest TSS/TA ratio showed the lowest acidity and consistent TSS values [28]. Except for Canino Tardivo, the genotypes had red blushing skin. The blushed area of 13
varieties varied in the range 2780 %, while 7C 25/5 sel.,
San Castrese, Portici and Amabile Vecchioni blushing
surface coverage was below 10 %. The skin color of the unblushed area was orange apart from Canino Tardivo,
which had light orange skin ground color. Pomological
results allow the studied genotypes to be described as good
to excellent fruits from a physicochemical point of view.
The antioxidant properties showed a high variability related to the genotype while the standard errors of the 3-year
means were particularly low except for Pisana and 11-37-3
whose values were slightly variable (Fig 1a, b). In our
previous paper [11], we found the effect of the harvest year
on the antioxidant properties of fruit to be dependent on the
cultivar and related to particular climatic conditions (high
temperatures and drought during fruit growth). In the present study, the low standard errors of the mean physicochemical values allow us to focus on the cultivar effect.
Overall, TAC values ranged from 1.240.06 (Canino Tardivo) to 11.470.45 molTE gFW-1 (7C20/3) and TP from
0.220.01 (7C25/5) to 1.580.08 mgGAE gFW1 (7C20/
3). The highest TAC values, shown for Silvana, Ammiraglia, Harcot and 7C20/3, were 79 fold higher than the
lowest one measured in Canino Tardivo fruit and the highest TP values, registered in the same cultivars as it was for
TAC values, were 67 fold higher than the lowest one
69.50
76.26
84.13
55.31
101.53
65.02
44.46
77.78
73.29
67.18
61.86
49.32
39.40
74.62
63.01
76.49
72.52
75.00
Fruit weight
2.69
2.79
2.79
3.61
2.64
2.06
2.90
3.42
1.71
1.95
2.54
1.78
1.29
2.30
2.66
1.82
2.73
2.23
SEM
Canino T.
Gheriana
7C25/5
Bona
Maharani
Sillari
5C9-1
Harcot
A. Vecchioni
San Castrese
11-26-2
B. Spinosa
7C20/3
Portici
Ammiraglia
Silvana
Pisana
11-37-3
Genotypea
1.99
1.77
2.56
2.72
3.09
1.83
2.72
2.58
2.91
2.04
2.32
2.68
2.26
3.09
3.19
2.84
2.40
2.04
FIRM 1
0.19
0.18
0.27
0.25
0.17
0.13
0.23
0.18
0.16
0.13
0.25
0.21
0.13
0.27
0.26
0.18
0.19
0.19
SEM
1.93
1.62
2.49
2.77
3.02
1.92
2.48
3.29
2.74
2.14
2.42
3.06
2.07
2.81
3.00
2.93
2.57
1.95
FIRM 2
0.14
0.12
0.31
0.27
0.17
0.16
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.12
0.29
0.25
0.11
0.27
0.47
0.18
0.22
0.18
SEM
13.87
14.55
13.70
12.49
12.82
12.74
14.08
14.82
12.34
12.58
13.13
15.43
15.80
15.01
13.77
14.60
14.09
13.33
TSS
0.30
0.43
0.60
0.44
0.38
0.34
0.34
0.54
0.36
0.27
0.52
0.47
0.20
0.41
0.49
0.40
0.40
0.31
SEM
0.48
2.00
2.28
1.42
1.99
2.00
0.60
1.56
2.12
1.70
1.07
1.31
1.91
1.53
1.27
1.18
1.00
0.90
TA
0.05
0.06
0.16
0.09
0.29
0.16
0.09
0.11
0.06
0.08
0.03
0.19
0.17
0.14
0.30
0.02
0.02
0.02
SEM
28.9
7.3
6.0
8.8
6.4
6.4
23.5
9.5
5.8
7.4
12.3
11.8
8.3
9.8
10.8
12.4
14.1
14.8
TSS/TA
4.06
0.37
1.10
0.26
1.00
0.70
3.50
0.89
0.66
0.63
2.30
1.72
2.07
1.18
1.63
0.00
0.66
2.10
SEM
4.41
3.45
3.4
3.43
3.35
3.42
3.90
3.51
3.40
3.58
3.74
3.35
3.53
3.59
3.60
3.69
3.85
3.90
pH
0.02
0.17
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.13
0.07
0.07
0.02
0.14
0.07
0.25
0.10
0.02
0.07
0.01
SEM
0,00
0,77
0,26
1,27
1,25
1,5
1,00
1,63
0,31
0,26
1,80
0,89
1,63
0,33
2,23
1,70
1,00
0,80
SC-B
0.00
0.19
0.10
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.21
0.26
0.10
0.00
0.29
0.23
0.22
0.13
0.20
0.26
0.16
0.22
SEM
5,50
7,27
7,65
6,90
7,30
7,08
7,80
7,85
7,50
7,65
7,50
7,01
7,58
7,43
7,70
6,40
7,32
7,10
SC-UB
0.00
0.19
0.20
0.26
0.21
0.21
0.13
0.13
0.17
0.26
0.17
0.20
0.13
0.22
0.20
0.16
0.20
0.25
SEM
Table 2 Main pomological traits of 18 apricot genotypes. Pomological traits: fruit weight (g), firmness (Kg/0.5 cm2) on the opposite sides (FIRM1, FIRM2), Total Soluble Sugars (TSS, Brix),
titratable acidity (TA, % malic acid), TSS/TA ratio, pH, skin color of the blushed side (SC-B: three classes 10< 35 %, 203565 %, 3>65 %), skin color of the un-blushed side (SC-UB: 10 classes see
Mat and Met). Means of a 3-year period SEM
320
Plant Foods Hum Nutr (2012) 67:317325
321
7C20/3
Harcot
Ammiraglia
Silvana
11-37-3
Pisana
11-26-2
Bona
Sillari
5C9-1
San Castrese
B. Spinosa
Maharani
Portici
7C25-5
A. Vecchioni
Gheriana
Canino T.
0,00
a
2,00
4,00
6,00
7C20/3
Harcot
Silvana
Ammiraglia
11-37-3
Pisana
11-26-2
Bona
5C9-1
Sillari
Portici
San Castrese
B. Spinosa
Gheriana
Maharani
A. Vecchioni
Canino T.
7C25-5
0,00
b
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
sugars (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), skin color of the blushed area
(SC-B) and sugars/acids ratio (TSS/TA) for the studied cultivars over a
3-year period. Significance level P<.05
TAC
TP
WEIGHT
FIRM1
FIRM2
TSS
pH
TA
SC-B
TSS/TA
TAC
TP
WEIGHT
FIRM1
1
0,974
0,285
0,099
0,974
1
0,278
0,126
0,285
0,278
1
0,140
0,099
0,126
0,140
1
0,230
0,257
0,158
0,865
0,377
0,359
0,314
0,056
0,014
0,062
0,122
0,289
0,131
0,222
0,321
0,034
0,697
0,740
0,212
0,245
0,068
0,006
0,278
0,140
FIRM2
TSS
pH
TA
SC-B
TSS/TA
0,230
0,377
0,014
0,131
0,697
0,068
0,257
0,359
0,062
0,222
0,740
0,006
0,158
0,314
0,122
0,321
0,212
0,278
0,865
0,056
0,289
0,034
0,245
0,140
1
0,119
0,344
0,007
0,346
0,176
0,119
1
0,056
0,135
0,134
0,171
0,344
0,056
1
0,838
0,341
0,912
0,007
0,135
0,838
1
0,028
0,897
0,346
0,134
0,341
0,028
1
0,296
0,176
0,171
0,912
0,897
0,296
1
322
Percent variance
Cumulative
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3,218
3,043
1,604
0,929
0,710
0,271
0,137
0,053
0,019
0,016
32,184
30,431
16,044
9,290
7,095
2,708
1,374
0,526
0,191
0,157
32,184
62,614
78,659
87,949
95,044
97,752
99,126
99,652
99,843
100
Maharani
Ammiraglia
1
Axis 3
PC
Portici
3
A. Vecchioni
Silvana
Canino T.
-1
Bona
5C9/1
Pisana
10 11-26-2
7C25/5
0
Harcot
B.Spinosa
2
1
6
11-37-3
S. Castrese
7C20/3
Sillari
Gheriana
A correlation matrix (Table 3) showed significant relationships among the antioxidant traits and the skin blushing
area, and among pomological traits such as titratable acidity,
pH and sugars/acids ratio. In particular, pH showed a negative correlation to TA (r0 0.838) and a positive correlation to TSS/TA ratio, while TA showed a negative
correlation to TSS/TA ratio (r0 0.897), which indicates
the tendency of higher TA content to have smaller TSS/TA
ratio and lower pH. Mratini et al. [12] and Hernandez et al.
[32] reported similar results. There was no relationship
between TSS and TA, in accordance with other published
results [6, 10, 12]. Flesh firmness values from the opposite
apricot sides were highly correlated as expected. TAC and
TP were confirmed to be highly correlated [11, 33]; moreover both variables were positively correlated with the
Fig. 2 Principal component
analysis (PC1-PC2) of
antioxidant and pomological
variables (labeled by number 1
10 see Table 5) in apricot fruits
from 18 genotypes. Axis 1 and
axis 2: 32.18 and 30.43 % of
total variability, respectively
-1
Axis 2
7C20/3
Harcot
Ammiraglia
Silvana
Axis 2
5C9/1
10 7
11-37-3
11-26-2
Pisana
B. Spinosa
5
4 Bona
Sillari
Gheriana
Portici
S. Castrese
Maharani
-1
Canino T.
7C25/5
A. Vecchioni
-3
-2
-1
0
Axis 1
323
Table 5 Component loadings for antioxidant and pomological variables of apricots: total antioxidant capacity and total phenols (TAC and
TP), fruit weight (WEIGHT), flesh firmness on the opposite cheeks
(FIRM1 and FIRM2), total soluble sugars (TSS), pH, titratable acidity
(TA), skin color of the blushed area (SC-B) and sugars/acids (TSS/TA)
ratio. Bold numbers are loadings>0.700
PC1
PC2
PC3
0.027
0,039
0,262
0,064
0,100
0,176
0,926
0,939
0,295
0,980
0,939
0,944
0,499
0,042
0,171
0,495
0,021
0,188
0,785
0,020
0,081
0,124
0,288
0,948
0,946
0,028
0,228
0,052
0,229
0,080
80
70
50
40
30
20
10
7C25/5
A. Vecchioni
Portici
Maharani
S. Castrese
Gheriana
Sillari
Canino T.
7C20/3
Harcot
Bona
11-37-3
Pisana
11-26-2
0
5C9-1
Distances
60
Silvana
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Component loadings
Ammiraglia
TAC
TP
WEIGHT
FIRM1
FIRM2
TSS
pH
TA
SC-B
TSS/TA
Var. Code
B. Spinosa
Variables
324
highest TSS/TA ratio and pH, the lightest skin color of the
un-blushed surface, absence of red blushing skin and the
lowest antioxidant capacity.
Conclusions
Multivariate analysis was particularly useful in the selection of
genotypes with a high quality-profile. In particular, four genotypes, Ammiraglia, Harcot, Silvana and 7C20/3 selections, were found to be fruits with excellent nutraceutical
quality, appealing blushing surface and balanced eating quality
in terms of sugars/acids ratio. Also Pisana, which has been
studied since 2005 [33], was designated amongst the high
quality genotypes under pomological and nutraceutical profile.
Both 11-26-2 and 11-37-3 selections fruit performances were
valuable for their antioxidant profile. Thus, these apricot genotypes may deserve the additional attribute of healthy fruits.
The results presented in this study will help breeders to
select parents for future programmed crosses, which until
now included mainly the agronomic and pomological traits.
This study suggests the possibility to program crosses between high antioxidant parental lines, in order to produce
new varieties with high fruit antioxidant quality. Some of
the studied genotypes came from crosses, which had the
high-antioxidant Harcot cultivar as parent. Therefore, our
investigations will likely extend to the parent combination
as a genetic base for improving the nutraceutical quality.
Acknowledgement Thanks to Philip R. Schiff from the School of
Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, for the English revision of the text.
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