IT104N

WEB DESIGNING
Lecture 1:
Internet and Web Basics

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Overview
Internet - global network of interconnected networks

Figure 1.1 The internet is a global

internetwork, a huge collection of
computer and network
interconnected so they can
exchange information.

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Understanding the Net

Network - a group of computers that are wired together so

that they can communicate with one another

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The client/server Model

Web Server
stores information accessed through the Internet
Continually connected to the Internet.
Uses HTTP
Receives a request for the web page
Ie : web server, where Web pages are stored

Client
a particular computer program that knows how to communicate with a
particular type of server
Connected to the Internet when needed.
Ie : web browser, or web client, such as Internet Explorer, that gives
a computer the capability to communicate with Web servers and
display the information stored there
Uses HTTP
Request web pages from a web server.

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Figure 1.2 From your computer, you use a set of client program, each
of which accesses a different type of server computer on the net.

HISTORY OF INTERNET

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The Birth Of ARPAnet

1957, Soviets launched a satellite called Sputnik.
It caused panic among the US military.
Nuclear attack on American cities seem possible

So, US President, Dwight D. Eisenhower put together an

organization, run by the Department of Defense called

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

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One of ARPAs missions was to create the network link

comps which stored security data & could be accessed by

Defense Personnel from different locations.
So, if theres a nuclear strike, the network would still be

able to function even if some of the comps were

damaged.
The network is called ARPAnet
Everything is possible with TCP/IP

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How TCP/IP work

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
Large comp data are break up into smaller pieces called

packets.
They are sent out through a network of telephone lines,
connecting numerous comps.
Then the pieces would be reassemble into the original
transmission after all have reached their destination.
So, if the first destination node was destroyed, the packet
would continue on to another node on the network.
The packet idea forms the basis of TCP/IP

WEB BROWSERS AND

WEB SERVERS

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The History of Browsers

In internets earlier days, users have to type in commands

from an onscreen command prompt & the info appeared in

text form only.
But WWW made it easier & much more interactive.
Instead of typing the command, users could click a
hyperlink to jump from page to page.
Web browser is used to display the info in colors, pictures
and sounds.

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Tim Berners-Lee at CERN European Laboratory for

Particle Physics created the 1st web browser, which had a

plain background & a box to type text.
1993, a new browser called Mosaic introduced by NCSA
(National Center for Supercomputing Applications) at
University of Illinois.
The co-inventor was a 22 year old student named Mark
Andreessen.

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HyperMedia browser/editor by Tim Berners-Lee

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The original Mosaic browser

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Unlike the old CERN browser, Mosaic featured a

graphical user interface, with buttons to which users

could point & click to move around.
Mark Andreessen left NCSA & started Netscape

Communications Corporation.
Netscape introduced a lot of new features, including

added support for displaying graphic images, advanced

security for web based business transactions, the ability
to open more than one web site at a time, mail & news
client programs along with its web browser

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Then, Microsoft Corporation got into the browser market

and introduced Internet Explorer.

The 1st version had only basic features & caused errors

on many computers.
However, over a very short time, Microsoft introduced

upgrades to the original Internet Explorer program that

made it almost as powerful as Netscape
1997, Netscape introduced Netscape Communicator &

Microsoft introduced IE 4

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Netscape 1.0

Netscape 2.0

Netscape 4.0

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Internet Explorer 10

INTERNET PROTOCOLS

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Protocols
Protocols are rules that describe how clients and servers

communicate with each other over a network.

Protocols with specific functions are needed:
E-mail protocols there are two servers involved in its smooth

functioning an incoming mail server and an outgoing mail server.

Send e-mail, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Receive e-mail, Post Office Protocol (POP, currently POP3), Internet

Message Access Protocol (IMAP).

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) set of rules for exchanging

files such as text, graphic images, sound, video and other

multimedia files on web.

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File Transfer Protocol(FTP) a set of rules that allow files to be

exchanged between computers on the Internet.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) TCP

and IP have different functions that work together to ensure reliable

communication over the Internet. TCP is used together with IP to
transmit files efficiently over the Internet.
IP Address each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP

address such as IPv4 and IPv6.

DOMAIN NAME AND URL

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DNS
is an abbreviation for Domain Name System
a system for naming computers and network services
to locate computers and services through user-friendly

names
When a user enters a DNS name, it will resolve the name

to other information associated with the name, such as an

IP address

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you must have a unique IP address that identifies your

computer on the network

takes the form of a long string of numbers separated by

dots (for example, 172.16.255.255)

Because a numeric address is difficult for people to

remember, text names or "friendly names" are used to

provide visitors with an easy-to-remember address, such
as www.microsoft.com

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URL
Uniform Resource Locator
Is the web site address.
A URL is broken up by periods, called dots and can contain

letters, slashes and other punctuation.

When typing a URL, its important to type it with every dot,
slash and colon correctly.
If one of the characters is typed incorrectly, youll see the
wrong page or even an error message instead of the page
you expected

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example :

http://www.mcp.com
The http:// portion is called the protocol type and
identifies the document as a Web site
Other protocol types include ftp:// and telnet://
The www, mcp and com portions combine to form a

fully qualified domain name

The dot (.) character joins each element of the address.

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Domain Name
The com portion of the name is called the top-level

domain
It indicates that the page is registered to a
commercial user or that the Web host that stores
the page is a commercial institution
Name

What it means

com

The site or the host of the site is a commercial enterprise

net

Most .net sites are a part of a network. ISP may use a .net domain name.

gov

The site is owned by a governmental agency

edu

Educational institutions use .edu as their domain name

mil

.mil is a tip that the site is owned by the military

org

The site is owned by a non-profit organization

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The three letters of the domain name can be followed by

another dot and then a two-letter country code

Example, www.google.com.my
my stands for Malaysia
Other popular country codes include .uk (United Kingdom),

.jp (Japan), .au (Australia), .cn (China), .ca (Canada) and

many more

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Subdomain
A subdomain is the part of the website address before the

domain name
example, the address for WebsiteGear forum is

http://forum.websitegear.com
forum is a subdomain

Subdomains are also known as the third level domains

The most commonly used subdomain is www

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Why are subdomains used?

to categorize portions of the website
Ie: poll.websitegear.com or rating.websitegear.com
used by free webhosting providers to resell web space

under their own domain name

Each member will have their subdomain, however, they all will still

share the domain name of the hosting provider

to load balance the web servers for a high traffic website

Multiple web servers are assigned different subdomains like
www.sitename.com, www2.sitename.com etc
When the request comes from the browser, the load balancing
software redirects it to one of these servers