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Solubility
For the AP Chemistry exam you need to have memorized the following:
Six Strong Acids = SA
o The 6 SA are soluble, meaning the weak acids = WA may not be 100% soluble.
Strong Bases = SB
o The SB are soluble while the weak bases = WB may not be 100% soluble.
Soluble Substances (dissolve in aqueous solution)
Insoluble Substances (will not dissolve in aqueous solutions or will form precipitates)
The weird substances that do not follow regular rules, but are soluble.
Strong Acids or the BIG 6: Acronym P.I.N. C.B.S.
1. P = perchloric acid = HClO4
2. I = hydroiodic acid = HI
3. N = nitric acid = HNO3
Strong Bases: Note these are Group 1 (Li to Cs) & Group 2 (Ca to Ba) metals. All other bases are WEAK.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
RbOH
CsOH
6. Ca(OH)2
7. Sr(OH)2
8. Ba(OH)2
Always Soluble:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Decomposition: AB A + B
Synthesis (combination): A + B AB
Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O2 CO or CO2 + H2O
Single Replacement: A + BC AC + B
Double Replacement precipitate (also called metathesis): AB + CD AD + CB
Double Replacement neutralization (acid + base salt + water)
Double Replacement hydrolysis (water + a salt )
Coordination Compound/Ligand type reaction
a. Interesting website: http://www.public.asu.edu/~jpbirk/CHM-115_BLB/Chpt24/sld018.htm
9. Redox
Equations in Depth
1. Decomposition Reactions
a. Carbonates CO2 + metal oxide
i. Na2CO3 CO2 + Na2O
b. Chlorates metallic chloride + O2
i. KClO3 KCl + O2
c. Ammonium carbonates NH3 + CO2 + H2O
i. (NH4)2CO3 NH3 + CO2 + H2O
d. Sulfurous acid acid SO2 + H2O
i. H2SO3 SO2 + H2O
e. Carbonic acid CO2 + H2O
i. H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
f. Acids in general nonmetal oxide + water
i. H2SO4 SO3 + H2O
g. Base metal oxide + H2O
i. Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O
h. Binary compounds two elements
i. H2O H2 + O2
i. Hydrogen Peroxide H2O + O2
i. H2O2 H2O + O2
j. Ammonium hydroxide NH3 + H2O
i. NH4OH NH3 + O2
2. Synthesis Reactions
a. Metal + Nonmetal a salt
i. Ag + Cl2 AgCl
b. Metal oxides + H2O a base
i. CuO + H2O Cu(OH)2
c. Nonmetal oxide + H2O an acid
i. SO2 + H2O H2SO3
3. Combustion
a. Complete: hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 + H2O
b. Incomplete: hydrocarbon + O2 CO + H2O
4. Single Replacement
a. A single element that is more reactive will replace an element in a compound.
b. A reactivity sheet is not supplied on the AP exam. Although, the reactions they put on the exam
generally take place, which means you do not necessarily need to know the chart.
i. Li + CaCl2 LiCl + Ca
1. In net ionic form: Li + Ca2+ Li+ + Ca
2. This is both a single replacement and a redox reaction since electrons were
transferred.
5. Double Replacement Precipitate
a. This is where you need to know the solubility rules and how to write net ionic equations.
b. Example: NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl
i. Net ionic form: Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) AgCl(s)
1. Note this is also a redox reaction.
Products Formed
Mn2+
Mn2+
MnO2
Cr3+
NO2
NO
SO2
Metallous ion (lower oxidation #)
Halide ion
NaOH
ClCO2
O2 or H2O
Products Formed
Free halogens/halides = diatomic
Metal ions
sulfate ions (SO42-)
nitrate ions (NO3-)
hypohalite ions (Br2 BrO-)
halite ion
(Cl2 ClO2-)
metallic ions (higher oxidation #)
carbonate
dichromate
chromate
manganate
oxalate
silicate
selenate
sulfite
sulfate
2CO32Cr2O72CrO42MnO42C2O42SiO32SeO42SO32SO42-
borate
phosphate
phosphate
3BO33PO33PO43-
ammonium
hydronium
1+
NH4+
H3O+
Free Energy
G = # = Spontaneous
G = + # = NOT spontaneous
G = 0 = Equilibrium
You can remember the following with this: Go Home To Supper:
Ho
So
Go
Ho
Go
Ho
So
So
Organic Chemistry
General Organic Chemistry
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alkanes: CnH2n + 2
Alkenes: CnH2n
Alkynes: C2H2n-2
Aromatics (benzene) C6H6
a. Substituted Benzene: ortho = 1,2; meta = 1,3 and; 1,4 = para
Functional Groups
5. Alcohol: R OH
6. Aldehydes:
7. Ketone:
8. Ether: R O R
9. Carboxylic Acid:
10. Ester:
11. Amine: R NH2
12. Amide:
Solubility & Equation Ref Sheet for AP chem 5-2010
Barium = Green
Sodium = yellow
Copper = blue (w/ green)
Potassium = lavender
5. Strontium = red
6. Lithium = red
7. Calcium = orange
Quantum Numbers
n
l
ml
ms
l
1, 2,,3
0.(n-1)
-l to +l (small letter L)
+1/2, -1/2
0 = s; 1 = p, 2 = d, 3 = f
Basic Shape
------------------
sp
linear
sp2
trigonal planar
sp3
tetrahedral
sp3d
trigonal bipyramidal
sp3d2
octahedral
Bond Orders
Bond
single
sigma =
double
sigma + pi or +
triple
sigma+ pi+pi = ++
React with
H2O. Ex: Li + H2O Li+ +OH- + H2
Non-oxidizing Acid. Ex: HCl.
Zn + 2HCl H2 + ZnCl2
Oxidizing Acid, HNO3 or H2SO4 (conc.)
Cu + HNO3 NO2 + H2O + Cu2+
Aqua Regia (HNO3 + HCl)
Cu, Ag, Hg
Au, Pt, Ir
1st Order
ln[R] vs Time
slope = -k
2nd Order
1/[R] vs. Time
slope = k
Nuclear Chemistry
Alpha
4
2
Beta/Electron
0
1
He
Neutron
1
0
Positron
0
1
Electrochemical Cells
Anode
oxidation
-side
lower Eo
e- leave
Cathode
reduction
+side
higher Eo
e- enter