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CN
2
Hybrid
orbitals
Geometry
Example
[Ag(NH3)2]+
Linear
sp
Trigonal
sp2
Tetrahedral
sp3
[CoCl4]2-
Square planar
dsp2
[Ni(CN)4]2
Octahedral
d2sp3 or
sp3d2
[Cr(H2O)6]3+,
[Co(H2O)6]2+
Tetrahedral geometry
[CoCl4 ]2
Tetrahedral complex
3d
4p
4s
Co ground
state
Co2+
sp3
4 e pairs by Cl ions
[Ni(CN)4 ]2
3d
4s
4p
Ni
3d
Ni2+
4s
4p
4d
Co3+
[Ni(CN)4 ]
[CoF6]3-
dsp2
sp3d2
[Fe(CN)6 ]3
Fe+3
[Fe(CN)6 ]3
3d
CN
Strong ligand
4s
d2sp3
4p
Magnetic behaviour
Illustrative Example
Discuss the geometry of the compound [Cr(CO)6].
Solution
3d
4s
4p
4s
4p
Ground state Cr
3d
Hybridization state
Electrons donated by
ligand 'CO'
M = n(n + 2)
Where n is the number of unpaired electrons
Prof. Dr. Fakhili Gul
d2sp3 hybridization
octahedral
geometry
Prof. Dr.=
Fakhili
Gul
Illustrative Example
Solution contd.
Geometry of
Ground state Pt
[PtCl4]2-
2+
5d
6s
Excited state Pt
2+
5d
6s
Ground state Ni
6p
Geometry of [NiCl4]22+
3d
4s
4p
Hybridization state
6p
Electrons donated by
ligand '4Cl- '
Hybridization state
Electrons donated by
ligand '4Cl- '
Illustrative Example
Solution contd.
4s
4s
3d
4p
4p
[CoF6]36
3+
3d
4s
4p
Ground state Co
Ground state Co
3+
3d
Excited state Co
4s
4p
4d
Hybridization state
Hybridization state
Electrons donated by
ligand '6F- '
Electrons donated by
ligand '6NH3'
22
20_454
eg(d z2, d x 2 y 2)
= crystal field
splitting
23
High spin
Low spin
25
26
Tetrahedral Complexes
28
dz2
dxy
(b)
(a)
dx2 y2
dxz
dyz
27
dz2
E
dxy
dz2
Free metal ion
dxz
dyz
Complex
dxz
dyz
dxy
dx2 - y2
Complex
x
M
M
y
(a)
29
(b)