Experiment question:1.

A fork made of steel is less likely to rust than a fork

made of iron.
Hypothesis : A steel fork is more resistant to corrosion than iron fork.
Aim of the experiment : To study the effects of alloying on the corrosive of metals.
Apparatus and materials : Test tube, sodium chloride solution, steel and iron forks.
Variables :Manipulated : Type of fork
Responding: Effect of corrosive or rusting
Constant : Concentration of sodium chloride solution.
Procedure:
1. The steel fork and the iron fork are placed in two separate test tubes
containing sodium chloride solution.
2. Both test tubes is left for 3 days.
3. The observation is recorded in a table.
Result :
Type of materials
Iron fork
Steel fork

Observation
Brown spots formed on the fork / the fork
rusted.
No change / no rust

Conclusion: Iron fork rusted but steel fork did not.

2. The Chef Ah Fook finds that aluminium frying pans become hot faster than iron frying
pans when they heated.
Hypothesis : Aluminium conduct heat better than iron.
Aim : To invstigate heat conduction by aluminium and iron.
Variables:Manipulated : Type of metal used.

Responding : Rate of conducting heat

Constant : Diameter of rod, length of rod from heated end to thumbtack
Apparatus and materials : Bunsen burner, Retort stand with clamp, aluminium rod,
iron rod of same diameter, thumbtack, ruler, stopwatch, molten wax.
Procedur:

1. Set up an iron rod shown in the diagram above.

2. Heat the end of the iron rod with a Bunsen burner and note the time taken for
the thumbtack to fall.
3. Repeat the experiment using an aluminium rod of the same diameter, a
heated end and the same flame.
4. Record the results.
Results:
Metal rod
Iron rod
Aluminium rod

Time taken for thumbtack fall

Conclusion : Aluminium is a better conductor of heat than iron.

3. A pure metal and alloy show different corrosive resistance

characteristics.
Hypothesis : Pure iron rusts while stainless steel does not rust.
Aim of the experiment : To compare the corrosive resistant of iron and stainless
steel.
Variables :-

Manipulated : Type of nails

Responding : Rate of rusting
Constant : Size of nails

Materials and apparatus : test tubes, sandpapers, iron nails, stainless steel nail and
common salt solution.
Procedures :1.
2.
3.
4.

Two test tubes are half-filled with common salt solution.

An iron nail and a stainless steel nail are polished with sandpaper.
Both nail are put in the two test tubes containing common salt solution.
Both test tubes are left for 2 days before they are examined.

Results :
Type of nails
Iron nail
Stainless steel nail

Observation

Conclusion : The iron nail is completely rusted while stainless steel nail is not rusted
at all. The hypothesis is accepted.

4.

Heating of magnesium in air produces a substances with a different

chemical composition.
Hypothesis : The heating of magnesium in air is a chemical reaction that produce a
new substances.
Aim of the experiment : To study the chemical changes for the reaction between
magnesium and oxygen.
Materials and apparatus : Boiling tubes, retort stand, evaporating dish, Bunsen
burner, glass wool, potassium manganate (VII) powder and magnesium powder.
Variables :Manipulated : The heating of the reacting substance.
Responding : The colour of the result of reaction.
Constant : The mass of potassium powder.
Procedures and methods :-

1. Set up apparatus as shown in above diagram without heating, observe the

changes occur.
2. The experiment is repeated by heating magnesium powder and potassium
manganate (VII) powder and the changes is recorded.
Results :
Step
Before heating
After heating

Colour
Grey
White

Conclusion : The heating of magnesium in oxygen is a chemical reaction because a

new substance is formed.

5.

Terdapat perbezaan dalam kekonduksian elektrik bagi logam dan

bukan logam.
Hipotesis : Logam mengkonduksi elektrik manakala bukan logam tidak.
Tujuan : Mengkaji kekonduksian elektrik bagi logam dan bukan logam.
Pembolehubah :Yang dimanipulasikan : Rod kuprum dan rod kaca
Yang bergerakbalas : Kekonduksian elektrik / keadaan mentol
Yang dimalarkan : Saiz rod / bilangan sel kering
Bahan dan radas : Rod kuprum, rod kaxa, sel kering, mentol, dawai penyambung
Prosedur :
1. Satu sel kering disambungkan kepada satu mentol
2. Satu rod kuprum kemudian disambungkan kepada litar eletrik itu.
3. Pemerhatian dicatat tentang keadaan mentol.

4. Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan rod kaca.

Penjadualan data :
Jenis rod
Rod kuprum
Rod kaca

Keadaan mentol

6.

Matter consists of tiny particles that are always

in motion.
Hypothesis : Matter is made up of tiny particles that a constantly in motion.
Aim : To study the movement of particles in matter.
Materials and apparatus : Gas jar, gas jar cover and bromine liquid.
Procedures :

1. A few drops of bromine is placed in a gas jar.

2. The jar is covered by a gas jar cover.
Results :
1. The brown gas spread rapidly and filled up the spaces within the jar. At the
end of the experiment, the whole gas jar was filled with the brown gas.
Conclusion : The bromine gas consist of tiny particles that moved randomly and had
a lot of kinetic energy.