CLASS-VIII

SUBJECT-CHEMISTRY
PRE MONDAY TEST ASSIGNMENT 4 WITH MODEL ANSWERS
ASSIGNMENT GIVEN ON-21/12/2015
SUBMITTED ON-23/12/2015
RETURNED ON-29/12/2015
SYLLABUS :-CH-5,COAL AND PETROLEUM, Pg-60-63 (natural gas)
CH-6,CUMBUSTION AND FLAME, pg-64-75
TEST DATE:-19-1-2015
Q1.While driving what are the tips we must follow to save petrol/diesel/natural gas.
Answer:i) Drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible,
ii) Switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where you have to wait,
iii)Ensure correct tyre pressure, and
iv) Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.
Q2.Anu wants to boil water quickly in a test tube. On observing the different zones of
the flame, she is not able to decide which zone of the flame will be the best for boiling
water quickly. Help her in this activity?
Answer: Anu must boil water in the outermost part of the flame .The outermost zone of
the flame (the non-luminous zone) of the flame the temperature is the highest. It is the
hottest part of the flame. The temperature is the highest as complete combustion of wax
vapours takes place.
Q3.What are the three essential requirements to produce fire? How fire extinguisher is
useful for controlling the fire?
Answer:
The three essential requirements to produce fire are
i) Presence of Fuel
ii) Presence of Air (to supply oxygen)
iii) Heat (to raise the temperature of the fuel beyond its ignition temperature).
Carbon dioxide is the best fire extinguisher to put out fire caused by materials like oil
and petrol and electrical equipments.
i) Carbon dioxide is heavier than air, it covers the fire like a blanket so, cut off the supply
of air.
ii) It does not harm the electrical equipment.
iii) When released from the cylinder, CO2 expands in volume and cools down. It brings
down the temperature of the fuel.
Q4.If you hold a piece of iron wire with a pair of tongs inside a candle flame or a Bunsen
burner flame, what will you observe? Will it produce a flame?
Answer: No, because an iron wire is not a combustible material.
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Q5.What are the advantages of using C.N.G as fuel?

Answer: Natural gas is stored under high pressure as CNG --compressed natural gas.
CNG is used for power generation.
As a fuel for transport vehicles because it is less polluting.It is a cleaner fuel.
The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in homes and
factories where it can be supplied through pipes.
A network of CNG pipelines exists in Vadodara (Gujarat), some parts of Delhi and other
places.
Q6.Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame?
Answer:

Q7.Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment. Give reason?
Answer: Water is a conductor of electricity, so it can easily conduct electric current and
cause danger of electric shocks or short-circuits. Therefore water cannot be used to
control the fire involving electrical equipment.
Q8.What are the harmful products of burning fuel?
Answer: (a) Burning of coal releases carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen,
which help form acid rain.
(b) Carbon dioxide that the remains in the upper atmosphere will tend to trap sun rays,
which is called the "greenhouse effect" and leads to global warming.
(c) People can become sick from breathing carbon monoxide emitted from vehicles.
(d) It is dangerous to burn coal in a closed room. Incomplete combustion of these fuels
gives carbon monoxide gas. It is a very poisonous gas. The carbon monoxide gas
produced can kill persons sleeping in that room.
Q9.What is spontaneous combustion? Give example?
Answer: A combustion in which a substance burns suddenly bursts into flames
( spontaneously), and produces heat and light without the help of any external heat.
Eg: - Phosphorus burns spontaneously at room temperature.
Q10.Write an activity which shows that it is essential for a substance to reach ignition
temperature to burn?
Answer:
Method: Take two paper cups A and B.
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Pour 50 mL of water in cup A.

Heat both cups A and B separately with identical candles. Observe, what happens to
the paper cups A and B.
Observations: The empty paper cup B catches fire easily.
The paper cup A does not burn.
Result/ Explanation for this phenomenon:1. The heat supplied to the empty paper cup B (in the absence of water) readily heats
the paper cup so the ignition temperature of paper is reached and it catches fire easily.
2. The heat supplied to the paper cup is transferred to water by conduction. So, in the
presence of water, the ignition temperature of paper is not reached. Hence, it does not
burn.
HOTS WITH MODEL ANSWERS
TOPIC: COMBUSTION AND FLAME
CLASS VIII
CHEMISTRY
Q1.Neha watched a magician moving his finger through the flame of the lighted candle
and touching the wick of the candle. She was amazed to see that the hand of the
magician did not burn. Why?
Answer: in the innermost zone of the flame (The dark zone) the temperature is the
lowest as no combustion of wax vapours takes place here. It is the coldest part of the
flame. So, the hand of the magician did not burn.
Q2.A goldsmith uses an outermost zone of the flame of the candle to melt gold. Why is
it so?
Answer: Goldsmiths blows the outermost zone of a flame with a metallic blow-pipe for
melting gold and silver. They use the outermost zone of the flame because in this zone
(The non-luminous zone) of the flame the temperature is the highest as complete
combustion of wax vapours takes place. It is the hottest part of the flame.
Q3.What is the difference do you observe between the burning of coal and burning of
kerosene?
Answer: Burning of coal
i) Takes a long time to burn as it has a high ignition temperature.
ii) Produces less amount of heat because it has a lower calorific value.
iii) It leaves behind undesirable substances like ash etc. So more pollution is caused.
iv) It is bulky to transport and store.
Burning of kerosenei) Burns quickly as it has a low ignition temperature.
ii) Produces more amount of heat because it has a higher calorific value .
iii) It does not leave behind any undersirable substances. So less pollution is caused..
iv) It is easy to transport and store.
Q4.A fuel X has a calorific value of 17000KJ/Kg while another fuel Y has the calorific
value of 55000 KJ/Kg. Which is a better fuel and why?
Answer: Fuel Y which has the higher calorific value of 55000 KJ/Kg is a better fuel.
The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel is
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called its calorific value. So the fuel with the higher calorific value is a better fuel.
Q5.Sushma observed that the burner of the stove is giving a yellow coloured flame
unlike the usual blue flame. She immediately called upon the stove mechanic to fix the
problem. What could be the probable reason for the above mentioned problem? What
values are possessed by Sushma?
Answer: Gas burners burn blue if the ratio of fuel to air is correct.
A yellow burner flame shows that the burner is not getting enough air for complete
combustion of the gas. Fixing this problem means adjusting the burners air shutter to
admit more air or cleaning the air vents .
values possessed by Sushma- scientific temperament,alert, intelligent etc.
Q6.Forest fires are the most commonly occurring phenomena in many parts of North
America. Is it due to the camp fires or bon fires ignited during picnic? Justify your
answer.
Answer: Spontaneous forest fires are sometimes due to the heat of the sun or due to
lightning strike.
During extreme heat of summer, at some places dry grasses catch fire. From
grasses, it spreads to trees, and very soon the whole forest is on fire .It is very difficult
to control such fires.
However, most forest fires are due to the carelessness of human beings. Campfires
must be completely extinguished before leaving a forest after a picnic, or a visit.
Q7.Mohan was sleeping during winters in a poorly ventilated room warmed up using
burning wooden sticks. He was found unconscious in the morning and rushed to
hospital. Medical examination confirmed the presence of carboxy haemoglobin in his
blood sample. Give the scientific explanation of the situation.
Answer: It is dangerous to burn coal in a closed room. Incomplete combustion of these
fuels gives carbon monoxide gas. It is a very poisonous gas. The carbon monoxide gas
produced can kill persons sleeping in that room.
Carbon monoxide mainly causes adverse effects in humans by combining with
haemoglobin to form carboxy haemoglobin (HbCO) in the blood. This prevents
hemoglobin from carrying oxygen to the tissues, effectively reducing the oxygencarrying capacity of the blood, leading to hypoxia.
STUDY MATERIAL
TOPIC: COMBUSTION AND FLAME
CLASS VIII
CHEMISTRY
Activity 6.6:A) To show the presence of wax vapours in the dark inner zone of the candle flame. (To
show that the, dark inner zone, of the candle flame contains unburnt wax vapours.)
Method: -- Take a candle and light it.
When the candle flame is steady introduce glass tubing in the dark innermost zone of the candle
flame.
Bring a lighted matchstick near the other end of the glass tube from which the vapour is coming.
Observations: We notice that the glass tubing is filled with greyish white vapour which starts
coming out from the other end of the glass tubing.
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When we bring a lighted matchstick near the other end of the glass tube from which the vapour
is coming, we observe that the vapour catches fire and burns with a flame similar to that of the
candle flame.
Result/ Explanation for this phenomenon:I.This shows that the dark inner zone contains unburnt wax vapours.
2. The vapours of wax coming out of the glass tube are the cause of the flame produced.
The vapours of wax are produced due to the heat of the candle flame.
3.The substances which vapourise during burning, give flames. For example, kerosene oil and
molten wax rise through the wick and are vapourised during burning and form flames.Charcoal,
on the other hand, does not vapourise and so does not produce a flame.

Activity: - B) To prove that the luminous zone of the candle flame contains unburnt
particles of carbon.
Method: -- Take a candle and light it.
When the candle flame is steady, introduce a clean glass plate/slide into the luminous zone of
the flame .Hold it there with a pair of tongs for about 10 seconds. Then remove it. Observe.
Observations: We notice a circular blackish ring is formed on the glass plate/slide.
Result/ Explanation for this phenomenon: - It indicates the deposition of unburnt carbon
particles which were present in the luminous zone of the flame.
Activity: - C) To prove that the non-luminous zone of the flame is the hottest part of a
candle flame. (Has the highest temperature).
Method: -- Take a candle and light it.
Hold a thin long copper wire just inside the flame for about 30 seconds.
Observations: we notice that the portion of the copper wire just outside the flame gets red hot.
Result/ Explanation for this phenomenon: - It indicates that the non-luminous zone of the flame
has a high temperature. In fact, this part of the flame is the hottest part.
Types of fuels :-Fuels are of three main types. They are :i) Solid fuels :- Eg:- wood, coal, charcoal etc.
ii) Liquid fuels :- Eg:- kerosene, petrol, diesel etc.
iii) Gaseous fuels :- Eg:- CNG, LPG, biogas, hydrogen etc.
Characteristics of a good fuel :The main characteristics of a good fuel are :i) Is readily available.
ii) Is cheap.
iii) Is easy to store and transport.
iv) Burns easily in air at a moderate rate.
v) Produces a large amount of heat.
vi) Does not leave behind any undesirable
vii) Does not cause pollution.
substances.
Ideal fuel---No fuel can be considered as an ideal fuel. A fuel which fulfils most of the
requirements for a particular use is the best .
Fuel Efficiency
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Calorific value of a fuel :The calorific value of a fuel :- is the amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of
1 kg of a fuel. The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg).
Calorific values of some fuels in kilojule per kg (PAGE 73)
Harmful effects on the environment due to burning of fuels :The increasing fuel consumption has harmful effects on the environment.
i) Carbon fuels like wood, coal, petroleum release unburnt carbon particles which cause
respiratory diseases like asthma.
In many rural parts of our country, people still use wood as a fuel because of its easy availability
and low cost.
Burning of wood gives out a lot of smoke .This is very harmful for human beings. It causes
respiratory problems.
Also, trees provide us with useful substances which are lost when wood is used as fuel.
Moreover cutting of trees leads to deforestation which is quite harmful to the environment.
ii) Incomplete combustion of fuels release carbon monoxide gas which is a very poisonous gas
which can cause death. That is why we are advised never to sleep in a
room with burning or smouldering coal fire in it.
iii) Burning of most fuels release carbon dioxide gas. Increased concentration of carbon
dioxide in the air causes rise in the temperature of the atmosphere of the earth. This is called
global warming. It causes melting of polar ice, rise in sea level and flooding of coastal areas.
iv) The burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide gas. It is an extremely suffocating
and corrosive gas.
Burning of petroleum in petrol engines release oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which dissolve in
rain water and form acid rain. It is harmful for crops, soil and damages buildings.
The use of diesel and petrol as fuels in automobiles is being replaced by CNG (Compressed
Natural Gas), because CNG produces the harmful products in very small amounts. CNG is a
cleaner fuel.

NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

Q.1: Answer: [Refer to the answer given above].
Q.2: Fill in the blanks
Answer: (a) pollution (b) kerosene (c) ignition temperature (d) water.
Q.3: Answer: CNG has replaced petrol and diesel as fuel in automobiles because these
produce a lot of un-burnt carbon particles and emit carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen and
sulphur. All these gases are harmful. Sulphur dioxide gas is an extremely su ffocating and
corrosive gas. Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen dissolve in rain water and form acid rain. It is
harmful for crops, soil and damages buildings.
But CNG is safe because it produces the harmful products in very small amounts. CNG is a
cleaner fuel .it thus reduces pollution in cities. So it is becoming necessary to implement CNG in
place of other fuels in automobiles to reduce the pollution.
Q.4:Answer:
LPG
WOOD
1 It has more calorific value about
It has less calorific value about 17000
55000 kJ/kg.
to 22000 kJ/kg.
2 It is smokeless fuel.
Gives out lot of smoke which is quite
dangerous
3 Easy to transport.
Difficult to transport.
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4
5

Easily stored in cylinders

Does not cause any environmental
problem.

Needs a lot of space to store.

we need to cut trees leading to
deforestation which gives rise to many
environmental problems.
Ignition temperature is not low.

6. Has very low ignition temperature.

Q5. Answer:
a) Water is a conductor of electricity, so it can easily conduct electric current and cause danger
of electric shocks or short-circuits. Therefore water cannot be used to control the fire involving
electrical equipment.
b) LPG is definitely a better domestic fuel than wood. The reasons are [Refer to the answer of
Q.4 above].
c) Paper by itself catches fire easily because it has low ignition temperature but when wrapped
around an aluminium pipe its temperature is lowered due to aluminium metal absorbing the heat
supplied to paper. So it does not catch fire.
Q6. Answer:. [Refer to the notes].
Q7. Answer: The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg).
Q8.Answer: [Refer to the notes].
Q9.Answer: Green leaves have moisture in them, which absorbs heat from them and raises
their ignition temperature which does not allow them to catch fire easily. On the other hand dry
leaves do not have moisture so they have low ignition temperature and so, burn easily.
Q10. Answer: [Refer to the notes].
Q11. Answer: Heat produced after burning 4.5 kg fuel = 180000 kJ
Or, Heat produced after burning 1 kg fuel = (180000 4.5) kJ = 40000kJ
So, Calorific value of fuel = 40000 kJ/kg
Q12. Answer: Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen and
gives out energy during the process in the form of either heat or light or both. The process of
rusting also involves oxidation but it cannot be termed as combustion as visible heat and light is
not produced during rusting. Hence, it is a kind of slow combustion.
Q13. Answer: Ramesh because he heated the beaker with water in the outermost part of the
flame .The outermost zone of the flame (the non-luminous zone) of the flame the temperature is
the highest. It is the hottest part of the flame.

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