Design of Horizontal Curves

11

Data
In making the road alignment using a CADD software, most data can already be obtained. Some of them are the following:

No.
1

Type
Line

Curve

Curve

Curve

5
6.1
6.2

Curve
Spiral-Line
Spiral-Line

Curve

Curve

Curve

Length
255.292
m
131.846
m
121.599
m
101.575
m
93.020m
30.000m
107.929
m
13.238m
136.898
m
76.605m

Radius

Direction
S57 52' 11.72"E

Delta Angle

80.000m

094.4277 (d)

194.932
m
141.248
m
80.000m

035.7411 (d)
041.2027 (d)

S36 58'
40.98"W
300.000
m
200.000
m
200.000
m

066.6210 (d)
010.7430 (d)

002.5282 (d)
039.2185 (d)
021.9456 (d)

Base Point (Start of Alignment, STA 0+000): (1609785.424, 542786.97)

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

These are the only data I procured from the program since I thought that they are already sufficient to solve for what is
asked; that is the coordinates of special points and each 20 meter full station. Other data I used (for checking) are the Start Points
and End Points of each curve.

Computations
1.)

Line

255.292m

S57 52' 11.72"E

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

The first element of the alignment is a line, stretching for a length of 255.292 meters. The computation of the coordinates of
20 meter full stations in a line is similar to computing coordinates of a traverse line. We are to compute latitudes and departures of
lines of 20 meter lengths. Since this part of the alignment is a line, the azimuth does not change at any point. A line has no
deflection angle and that bit of the computation is therefore not considered in this part of the alignment.
STA
BP

Distan
ce

Azimuth
(d)

LINE 1
Latitude

Departure

Northing

Easting
542786.97

16.936856
87

1609785.4
24
1609774.7
87

33.873713
74

1609764.1
5

542820.84
37

50.810570
61

1609753.5
13

542837.78
06

67.747427
48

1609742.8
77

542854.71
74

84.684284
35

1609732.2
4

542871.65
43

101.62114
12

1609721.6
03

542888.59
11

118.55799
81

1609710.9
66

542905.52
8

0+000
0+020

20

302.13007
78

0+040

40

302.13007
78

0+060

60

302.13007
78

0+080

80

302.13007
78

0+100

100

302.13007
78

0+120

120

302.13007
78

0+140

140

302.13007
78

10.6368641
7
21.2737283
4
31.9105925
1
42.5474566
8
53.1843208
6
63.8211850
3
74.4580492

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

542803.90
69

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

PC1

2.)

0+160

160

302.13007
78

0+180

180

302.13007
78

0+200

200

302.13007
78

0+220

220

302.13007
78

0+240

240

302.13007
78

0+255.29
2

255.292

302.13007
78

Curve

131.846m

85.0949133
7
95.7317775
4
106.368641
7
117.005505
9
127.642370
1
135.775316
4

80.000m

11

135.49485
5

1609700.3
29

542922.46
49

152.43171
18

1609689.6
92

542939.40
17

169.36856
87

1609679.0
55

542956.33
86

186.30542
56

1609668.4
18

542973.27
54

203.24228
24

1609657.7
82

542990.21
23

216.19220
32

1609649.6
49

543003.16
22

094.4277 (d)

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

The next element of the alignment is the curve. And for this
part we need to consider the tangents of the curve. The
azimuth of the previous line, would serve as the azimuth of the
back tangent of curve 1, as for the azimuth of the forward
tangent we would add the delta angle (94.4277 degrees) to
the azimuth of the back tangent. The deflection angle of the
whole curve is equal to half that of the angle of intersection
(=/2). Therefore, I solved the deflection angles by ratio and
proportion (:Lc = :ls.) The azimuth of each chord is equal to
the azimuth of the previous line (for the 1st chord) or chord (for
the succeeding ones) plus deflection angle .

CURVE 1
STA
PC1

Arc
Lengt
h

Deflection
Angle (d)

0+255.29
2

Azimuth

Chord
Distance

Latitude

Departure

Northing

Easting

1609649.6
49

543003.162

3.9109769
47

1609647.0
29

543007.073

18.579535
49

1609633.5
11

543021.741
5

29.447517
07

1609616.7
83

543032.609
5

35.839203

1609597.8

543039.001

302.13007
78

0+260

4.708

1.6859275
65

303.81600
54

4.7073185
57

0+280

24.708

8.8478968
33

310.97797
46

24.609903
93

0+300

44.708

16.009866
1

318.13994
39

44.128460
33

0+320

64.708

23.171835

325.30191

62.958407

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

2.61975329
3
16.1384086
2
32.8658599
4
-

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

PRC
1

37

32

48

0+340

84.708

30.333804
63

332.46388
24

80.805910
6

0+360

104.70
8

37.495773
9

339.62585
17

97.392465
62

0+380

124.70
8

44.657743
17

346.78782
1

112.45924
51

0+387.13
8

131.84
6

47.21385

349.34392
78

117.42305
33

51.7620762
8
71.6521834
5
91.2995120
3
109.482487
3
115.398075
8

11

83

87

37.357191
99

1609577.9
97

543040.519
2

33.907100
49

1609558.3
49

543037.069
1

25.703439
11

1609540.1
67

543028.865
4

21.713073
31

1609534.2
51

543024.875
1

Azimuth of Forward Tangent: 302.1300778 + 94.4277 = 396.557778 = 36.55777788

3.)

Curve

121.599m

194.932m

035.7411 (d)

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

Here we have our first Point of Reversed Curvature, it is solved

the same way as the previous curve, only that the azimuths of
the deflection angles here are subtracted instead of added to
obtain the azimuths of the succeeding chords.

CURVE 2
STA
PRC
1

Arc
Lengt
h

Deflection
Angle (d)

Azimuth

Chord
Distance

0+387.13
8

36.557777
8

0+400

12.862

1.8902377

34.667540
1

12.859620
11

0+420

32.862

4.8294970
69

31.728280
73

32.822980
63

0+440

52.862

7.7687564
38

28.789021
36

52.699981
01

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

Latitude

10.5766057
6
27.9176399
1
46.1862093
1

Departure

Northing

Easting

1609534.2
51

543024.87
51

7.314727592

1609523.6
74

543017.56
04

17.26132785

1609506.3
33

543007.61
38

25.37956005

1609488.0
65

542999.49
55

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

PCC
1

0+460

72.862

10.708015
81

25.849761
99

72.438323
12

0+480

92.862

13.647275
18

22.910502
62

91.986073
66

0+500

112.86
2

16.586534
54

19.971243
26

111.29180
08

0+508.73
7

121.59
9

17.87055

18.687227
8

119.63657
47

65.1901755
9
84.7296659
2
104.599175
1
113.329540
8

11

31.58404128

1609469.0
61

542993.29
11

35.80951635

1609449.5
21

542989.06
56

38.01154413

1609429.6
52

542986.86
36

38.33177788

1609420.9
21

542986.54
33

Azimuth of Forward Tangent: 36.5577788 - 35.7411 = 0.816677816

4.)

Curve

101.575m

141.248m

041.2027 (d)

This curve is compounded with the previous reversed curve,

hence, deflection angles in this curve are still subtracted
instead of added.

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

11

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

CURVE 3
Arc
Lengt
h

STA
PCC
1

PRC
2

Deflection
Angle (d)

0+508.73
7
0+520

11.263

2.2843515
14

0+540

31.263

6.3407334
98

0+560

51.263

10.397115
48

0+580

71.263

14.453497
47

0+600

91.263

0+610.31
2

101.57
5

18.509879
45
20.60135

Azimuth

Chord
Distance

Latitude

Departure

Northing

Easting

1609420.9
21
1609409.6
65

542986.54
33
542986.83
17

3.003341461

1609389.8
67

542989.54
66

8.485032213

1609370.6
5

542995.02
83

16.62375452

1609352.3
99

543003.16
71

27.25660768

1609335.4
8
1609327.3
88

543013.79
99
543020.18
89

0.8166778
16
358.53232
63
354.47594
43
350.41956
23
346.36318
04
342.30679
84
340.21532
78

11.259977
97
31.199119
15
50.981947
96
70.509349
4
89.683488
18
99.400088
84

11.2562839
6
31.0542263
8
50.2708986
1
68.5216691
2
85.4412394
93.5326362
6

0.288401107

33.64555864

Azimuth of Forward Tangent: 0.816677816 - 41.2027 = -40.38602218 = 319.6139778

5.)

Curve

93.020m

80.000m

066.6210 (d)

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

In this curve, we could see the second Point of Reversed

Curvature, therefore, we now revert back to adding the
deflection angles to obtain the azimuths of our chords.

STA
PRC
2

Arc
Length

0+610.31
2
0+620

9.688

0+640

Deflection
Angle (d)

Azimuth

CURVE 4
Chord
Distance

3.46927675
8

319.613977
8
323.083254
6

9.6821294
74

29.688

10.6312849
3

330.245262
7

29.518084
87

0+660

49.688

17.7932931

337.407270
9

48.893415
83

0+680

69.688

24.9553012
7

344.569279
1

67.505773
79

0+700

89.688

32.1173094

351.731287

85.064716

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

Latitude

7.74095104
4
25.6263551
4
45.1412850
9
65.0723850
3
-

Departure

Northing

Easting

5.8156090
03

1609327.38
8
1609319.64
7

543020.18
89
543026.00
45

14.649479
73

1609301.76
2

543034.83
84

18.783782
69

1609282.24
7

543038.97
27

17.961464
38

1609262.31
6

543038.15
04

12.233653

1609243.20

543032.42

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

CS

0+703.33
2

93.02

24

33.3105

352.924477
8

87.868156
56

84.1804233
8
87.1990099
8

11
09

26

10.823381
89

1609240.18
9

543031.01
23

Azimuth of Forward Tangent: 319.6139778 + 66.6210 = 386.2349778 = 26.2349778

6.1.)

Spiral-Line

30.000m

010.7430 (d)
example of a spiral out curve. I also used the formulas for X
and Y to obtain the chord distance. It is compounded with the
previous curve so the deflection angles are added to obtain
azimuths as well.

I solved the spiral in the same way I solved the circular curves,
only the ratio of the deflection angles of the spiral is equal to
2/3 of that of its angle of intersection (2/3) since this is an
DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

SPIRAL
STA
CS

0+703.3
32
0+720

ST

6.2.)
0+733.3
32

Arc
Leng
th

Deflection
Angle (d)

Chord
Distance

Azimuth

Latitude

Departure

Northing

7.162

Easting

26.234977
1609240.1 543031.01
8
89
23
16.66 2.2108475 16.662416 0.32157922 16.665519 28.445825
1609225.5 543023.07
Azimuth
+ 32
10.743 =
36.9779778
8
2
13 of Forward4Tangent: 26.2349778
03
14.6534556
7.9382467
36
41
9
2
58' 40.98"W
30Spiral-Line
7.162 107.929m
29.894531
1.875 S36
29.953274
33.396977
1609215.1 543014.52
25
01
8
25.0072965 16.487381
82
49
4
Here we have the line connected to our spiral; solved in
the same way as a traverse line.

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

STA
ST

7.)

Distanc
e

Azimuth
(d)

LINE 2
Latitude

11

Departure

Northing

Easting

1609215.182

543014.524
9
543010.514
542998.483
9
542986.453
7
542974.423
6
542962.393
4
542950.363
2
542949.604
7

0+733.33
2
0+740
0+760

6.668
26.668

36.9779778
36.9779778

-5.326843584
-21.30417887

-4.010855448
-16.04101576

1609209.855
1609193.878

0+780

46.668

36.9779778

-37.28151416

-28.07117607

1609177.9

0+800

66.668

36.9779778

-53.25884944

-40.10133639

1609161.923

86.668 300.000m
36.9779778
Curve0+820 13.238m

-69.23618473

PC2

-52.1314967
1609145.946
002.5282 (d)

0+840

106.668

36.9779778

-85.21352002

-64.16165701

1609129.968

0+841.26
1

107.929

36.9779778

-86.22089101

-64.92015862

1609128.961

This curve is compounded to our previous line, the azimuth of

its back tangent is therefore equal to the azimuth of the line. It
is solved also similarly as the previous curves, with the
deflection angles being added to obtain the azimuths of the
chords.

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

CURVE 5
STA
PC2
PCC2
8.)

0+841.2
61
0+854.4
99

Arc
Lengt
h

Deflecti
on
Angle
(d)

Azimuth

Chord
Distance

Latitude

Departure

36.9779778

Azimuth of Forward Tangent: 36.9779778 + 2.5282= 39.50617782

13.238

Curve

1.2641
136.898m

38.2420778

13.236550
34

10.39602005

8.19323086
7
039.2185 (d)

200.000m

Northing

Easting

1609128.961

542949.60
47
542941.41
15

1609118.565

Another curve, solved similarly as the previous ones, with

deflection angles being added to obtain azimuths, and chord
distances serving as traverse-like line distances.

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

CURVE 6
STA
PCC2

9.)

PRC3

0+854.4
99
0+860

Arc
Lengt
h

5.501

Deflection
Angle (d)

0.78796245
6

Azimuth
39.5061778
2
40.2941402
7

Chord
Distance

Latitude

Departure

Northing

Easting

1609118.56
5

542941.4115

5.5008422
91

1609114.36
4.19568205 3.55745949
542937.854
9
1
3
0+880
25.501 3.65275960 43.1589374 25.483801
1609099.97
4
2
81
18.5893895 17.4315446
542923.98
6
9
7
0+900
45.501 6.51755675 46.0237345 45.403064
1609087.03
Azimuth2 of Forward Tangent:
39.50617782+
39.2185 = 32.6732939
78.72467784
7
74
31.5260868
542908.7382
9
8
0+920Curve
65.501 76.605m
9.3823539 200.000m
48.8885317 65.208843
-021.9456 (d)1609075.68
2
42.8765139 49.1304157
542892.2811
8
6
9
0+940
85.501 12.2471510 51.7533288 84.851632
1609066.03
5
7
19
52.5272604 66.6384753
542874.773
8
9
0+960
105.50 15.1119482 54.6181260 104.28233 And finally,
our last curve,
which
starts at the third Point of
1609058.18
1
2
53 Reversed
60.3818988
85.0225366
542856.389
Curvature,
and is therefore solved
by subtracting
the
3
4
7
deflection angles from the previous azimuths; but other
0+980
125.50 17.9767453 57.4829231 123.45238 factors- are solved in -the same way as the other curves.
1609052.20
1
5
6
53
66.3619476 104.098911
542837.3126
3
1
4
0+991.3 136.89
19.60925
59.1154278 134.24146
1609049.65
97
8
2
16
68.9075095 115.206445
542826.2051
7
4
7

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

11

CURVE 7
STA
PRC3

EP

Arc
Lengt
h

0+991.3
97
1+000

8.603

1+020

Deflection
Angle (d)

Azimuth

Chord
Distance

Latitude

1.2322824
67

78.724677
84
77.492395
37

8.60229132
1

1.862991278

28.603

4.0970563
07

74.627621
53

28.5784794
4

7.575906527

1+040

48.603

6.9618301
47

71.762847
69

48.4832369
9

-15.1728699

1+060

68.603

9.8266039
87

68.898073
85

68.2668129
8

24.57797586

1+068.0
02

76.605

10.9728

67.751877
84

76.1371865
8

28.82693086

Departure

8.39813547
5
27.5560361
3
46.0478912
4
63.6889382
6
70.4689948
7

Northing

Easting

1609049.65
7

542826.20
51

1609047.79
4

542817.80
7

1609042.08
1

542798.64
91

1609034.48
4

542780.15
72

1609025.07
9

542762.51
62

1609020.83

542755.73
61

Azimuth of Forward Tangent: 78.72467784 21.9456 = 56.77907784

Coordinates At 20 Meter Full Stationing And At Special Points

BP

STA
0+000

Northing
1609785.424

Easting
542786.97

0+020

1609774.787

542803.9069

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

PC1

PRC1

11

0+040

1609764.15

542820.8437

0+060

1609753.513

542837.7806

0+080

1609742.877

542854.7174

0+100

1609732.24

542871.6543

0+120

1609721.603

542888.5911

0+140

1609710.966

542905.528

0+160

1609700.329

542922.4649

0+180

1609689.692

542939.4017

0+200

1609679.055

542956.3386

0+220

1609668.418

542973.2754

0+240

1609657.782

542990.2123

0+255.2
92
0+260

1609649.649

543003.1622

1609647.029

543007.073

0+280

1609633.511

543021.7415

0+300

1609616.783

543032.6095

0+320

1609597.887

543039.0012

0+340

1609577.997

543040.5192

0+360

1609558.349

543037.0691

0+380

1609540.167

543028.8654

0+387.1
38
0+400

1609534.251

543024.8751

1609523.674

543017.5604

0+420

1609506.333

543007.6138

0+440

1609488.065

542999.4955

0+460

1609469.061

542993.2911

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

PCC1

PRC2

CS

ST

11

0+480

1609449.521

542989.0656

0+500

1609429.652

542986.8636

0+508.7
37
0+520

1609420.921

542986.5433

1609409.665

542986.8317

0+540

1609389.867

542989.5466

0+560

1609370.65

542995.0283

0+580

1609352.399

543003.1671

0+600

1609335.48

543013.7999

0+610.3
12
0+620

1609327.388

543020.1889

1609319.647

543026.0045

0+640

1609301.762

543034.8384

0+660

1609282.247

543038.9727

0+680

1609262.316

543038.1504

0+700

1609243.208

543032.4226

0+703.3
32
0+720

1609240.189

543031.0123

1609225.536

543023.0741

0+733.3
32
0+740

1609215.182

543014.5249

1609209.855

543010.514

0+760

1609193.878

542998.4839

0+780

1609177.9

542986.4537

0+800

1609161.923

542974.4236

0+820

1609145.946

542962.3934

0+840

1609129.968

542950.3632

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying

Design of Horizontal Curves

PC2
PCC2

PRC3

EP

11

0+841.2
61
0+854.4
99
0+860

1609128.961

542949.6047

1609118.565

542941.4115

1609114.369

542937.854

0+880

1609099.976

542923.98

0+900

1609087.039

542908.7382

0+920

1609075.688

542892.2811

0+940

1609066.038

542874.773

0+960

1609058.183

542856.389

0+980

1609052.203

542837.3126

0+991.3
97
1+000

1609049.657

542826.2051

1609047.794

542817.807

1+020

1609042.081

542798.6491

1+040

1609034.484

542780.1572

1+060

1609025.079

542762.5162

1+068.0
02

1609020.83

542755.7361

DELA CRUZ, P. K. A.

GE 117 Construction and Industrial

Surveying