Cambridge International AS

Level

Topic 2: The Structure of the Atom

Topic 3: Chemical Bonding in Simple Molecules
By: Ms. Nitya 1Dewi

Who are these men?

In this lesson, well learn about the
men whose quests for knowledge
about the fundamental nature of
the universe helped define our
views.

Flashback on Atoms
Democritus (Greek) used the term atom- cannot be cut

John Dalton (1808) Atomic Theory

atoms are indivisible matter
Atoms is smallest part of element exist
Each element has different atom
Cant be broken/destroyed
J.J Thompson (1897)- discovered 1st sub-atomic particle electron (charged particle)

Ernest Rutherford (1908) - atom has a positively charged central part

(nucleus) Proton. Mass is concentrated in nucleus.
Sir James Chadwick (1932) Discovered neutron, a neutral particle.
Neutron has a relatively equal mass to the proton
3

Atoms
Atom: An atom is a smallest
part of an element that can
take part in a chemical
reaction

An atom consists of a cloud

of electrons surrounding a
small, dense nucleus of
protons and neutrons
Very small
H atoms weighs: 1.67 x 10-27
Kg
4

The Structure of Atom

Contain sub-atomic particles
Electrons, e: negative charge;
occupy around nucleus in
electron shells
Proton, p: positive charge;
found in nucleus
Neutron, n: Neutral charge
and found in nucleus with no
charge

Nucleons = mass
of atoms nucleus

Neutral atoms:
no of electron = no of proton
Nucleus tiny compared to atom

Electron shells
(Energy levels)
5

Cathode Ray Tube

Used to produce beams of electrons
Cathode heated to high temp. when
low voltage applied

E- from heated wire (cathode ray)

are attracted to + charged metal
plates
e- are deflected by the magnetic
and electric fields
Fluoresent screen glows when e- hits

Hence, shows that

e- have negative charge : attracted

to the + charged anode
e- have very small mass: easily
deflected by electromagnetic field

Proton, Electron & Neutron

Protons (p)
carry a positive charge of +1
positive electrical charge of 1.602 x 10-19 coulomb
Mass: 1.673 x 10-24 g, 1,840 times the mass of an electron
Mass/amu: 1.007
Electron (e)
carries a negative electric charge -1
The negative electrical charge is 1.602 x 10-19 coulomb
mass of 9.109 x 10-28 g = lightest particles with a known mass.
Mass/amu: 5.485 x 10-4

Neutron (n)
electrically neutral, undeflected, charge 0
Electrical charge = 0
Mass: 1.675 x 10-24 g, slightly heavier than a proton
Mass/amu: 1.009

ELEMENTS
Element: substance that made up only from
one type of atoms
Cannot be broken down into simpler substance
Have its own symbol to indicate the element in
the Periodic table

Symbol of Element, X
A
Z

A-mass number
Z-atomic number
z = p = e;

n=A-Z

Mass Number (A): the total number of protons & neutrons; nucleon
number
mass depends on the number of protons & neutronsAtomic
Number (Z): the number of protons in the nucleus and, since atoms
are neutral, it is also the number of electrons in the atom; proton
number
atomic number is same for every atom of that element

Isotopes
Isotopes

Helium-4

Helium-5

Helium-6

Helium-7

Helium-8

Symbols

4
2

5
2

6
2

7
2

8
2

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Atoms or the isotopes can be converted to

charged particles, ion, by removing or gaining
electron(s)

Isotopes
Number or proton and neutron remain but number of
electron would be differ
Removing electron(s): deduction of number of electron from its
neutral atom;
Gaining electron(s): addition of number of electron its neutral
atom

Example:
Species

6
3

7
3

7 +
3

37
17

37
17

Proton

17

17

Neutron

20

20

Electron

17

18

Exercise: pg. 30 32

TOPIC 3: CHEMICAL BONDING IN

SIMPLE MOLECULES

13

What is Chemical Bond?

A chemical bond is defined:
As the force of attraction which holds various constituents
entities (atoms/ ions) together in different chemical substances

Bonding involves the valence electrons

Atoms of other elements tend to achieve the stable noble
gas electron arrangement.
Duplet electron arrangement - outermost shell occupied with two v.e.
Octet electron arrangement -outermost shell occupied with eight v.e.

Can be formed by the transfer of electron or sharing

electrons.

14

Why Bonding??
To attain stability
To achieve noble gas electronic
configuration
To form molecules and compound.
15

Stability of Noble Gases

Atom of noble gas does not gain, lose nor share electrons with
other atoms.
Noble gas atoms do not combine with atoms of other elements to
form compounds or with each other to form molecules.

Noble gases are chemically unreactive, Inert

Noble gases exist as monoatomic

16

CHEMICAL BONDING
Intramolecular
Intermolecular
attraction
Can
classified as attraction
intramolecular attraction
and intermolecular
attraction
Strong
interaction
Weak interaction
Strongly hold individual atom
Interaction between molecules
together through sharing or
through weak attraction forces
transfer of electrons
The attraction force do not
The bond requires large amount
take a large amount of energy
of energy to break
to break
Ionic bonding, covalent bonding

Van der Waals, hydrogen bond,

dipole-dipole forces

IONIC BONDING @
ELECTROVALENT BOND
Def: Type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction
between oppositely charged ions. These ions represent atoms that have
lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and atoms that have gained
one or more electrons (known as anions).

18

IONIC BONDING
interaction between metal and non-metal
through electron transfer
Electron transfer forms ion;

metal loses/donate electron form cation (+ ions)

non-metal gain electron form anion (- ions)

Attracted each other by strong electrostatic

force to form ionic compound

IONIC BONDING
Ionic compound shows characteristics as below:
The name of the metal comes first followed by the
non-metal when naming the compound
Easily dissolve in water and in polar solvents
can conduct electricity
tend to form giant lattice structure with high melting
temperatures and high boiling temperatures
Ionic crystal are brittle

Dot and Cross Diagram

Only show electrons from the outer-most shell (valance
electron)

When Mg atom react with oxygen atom to form

MgO, the 2 valence electron from Mg atom are
transferred to incomplete filled oxygen atom.
Losing 2 electrons, Mg atom achieve stable
noble gas confiq by becoming Mg2+ ion
Accepting 2 electrons, oxyen atom achieve
stable noble gas config by becoming O2- ion

COVALENT BONDING
sharing of electrons between two or more
non-metals atoms to achieve stable noble
gas configuration.
The number of electrons sharing must be
equal for both side
The covalent compound formed is usually
not charged
The non-shared electrons at the outermost shell is known as lone pairs
One pair electron sharing forms single
bond which can be represent as a line;
known as structural formula, two pair
double bond, etc.

COVALENT BONDING
Covalent compound shows the properties below:
tends to exist as liquid or gas or sometimes solid with a
very low melting and boiling point
Do not conduct electricity because they are neutral
Generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent
They are volatile

Three types of covalent bonding

Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond

24

Drawing Lewis Dot Structures

1.

Predict the location of the atoms

a.
b.

Hydrogen is a terminal atom

The central atom has the smallest electronegativity

2. Count the valence electrons.

3. Draw a single covalent bond between the central atom
and the surrounding atoms.
4. Subtract the number of electrons in the single covalent
bonds from the total number of electrons in 2.
5. Use the remaining electrons to complete the octets of
each atom.
6. If the central atom does not have a complete octet
then try double or triple bonds.

Drawing Lewis Dot Structures

Draw Lewis Dot Structures for

PH3
H2S

HCl
CCl4
SiH4
CH2Cl2

CH4

HCl
Cl2
C02
O2
N2
C2H2
H20
CS2

Octet Rule Exceptions

Molecules with an odd number of electron (NO)
Elements without octets (BF3 and BeF2) -possess
less than 8 electrons (e- deficient compound)

Elements with more than an octet (SF6) possess

more than 8 electrons.

Co-ordinate covalent Bond @ Dative

Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which both electrons come
from the same atom. Also known as dative
covalent bonding.

Dative Covalent Bond

Sometimes the atom with lone pairs tend to share
with other element or ion which have an empty
orbital or those with an incomplete outer shell
Also known as coordinate bond with the symbol

The atoms which donates the electron to form it is

called as the donor atom,
the atom which accepts the pair of electron for
bonding is called as the acceptor atoms.

EXAMPLES OF CO-ORDINATE BOND

Lewis acid base reaction is an excellent example of the coordinate covalent bond. For example the bondH3N: BF3 (Boron trifluoride-ammonia

-is a coordinate bond. Here nitrogen acts a donor atom.

The lone pair of electron in the nitrogen is donated to
the vacant p orbital of the boron. Here ammonia is
Lewis base and BF3 is Lewis acid.

complex)

EXAMPLES OF CO-ORDINATE BOND

Boron hydride-ammonia complex.

AMMONIUM ION CO-ORDINATE BOND:

Here, the nitrogen atom becomes the donor. The hydrogen atom becomes
the acceptor.
The linkage between N and H atoms is called coordinate bond. It is
represented by an arrow .

Dative Covalent Bond

Compounds with an incomplete outer shell tend
to bond datively and form dimer (eg. Group II
compound, BeCl2 and Group III, Al/B)

PROPERTIES
Has all the characteristic of the covalent bond.
Have low boiling and melting point.
Does not conduct electricity in the liquid or in the
dissolved state.
Compounds are that much soluble in water.
As strong as other covalent bonds.

Dot and Cross Diagram

Draw the dot and cross diagram for the following
compound.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)

BaCl2
K2O
Na3N
Ca2C
Al2O3
CaH2
MgBr2
CaS
AlN
Mg3N2

k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)

AlCl3
AlH4
NF3
PCl3
HCN
CO
SO2
SO3
O3
H2O2