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IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJME)
Web Site:
http://www.ipasj.org/IIJME/IIJME.htm
 
 A Publisher for Research Motivation........
 
Email: editoriijme@ipasj.org Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016 ISSN 2321-6441 Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016 Page 1
 
A
BSTRACT
 
 In this paper energy and exergy analysis of direct evaporative cooling system is presented. In this study ambient temperature,  saturation specific humidity of the process and pressure at the end of the process is considered as the dead state. Variations in wet-bulb Saturation Effctiveness, change in thermal exergy, change in chemical exergy, total inlet exergy, total outlet exergy  and exergy efficiency is analysed for pads of different thickness with constant face velocity. It is observed that for a give  thickness of pads exergy efficiency does not change as wet bulb saturation efficiency changes.
Keywords
:
 
Direct Evaporative Cooling, Saturation Efficiency, Exergy, Thermal exergy, Chemical Exergy, Exergy Efficiency
 
1.NTRODUCTION
It is believed that evaporative cooling was first used in ancient Egypt, around 1000 A.D. During that period evaporative cooling was used for preservation of food items against hot weather conditions. For cooling the inside space, walls were integrated with water chutes. These concepts of preservation of food items and space cooling were spread in the other hot and arid regions of the world. In case of evaporative cooling part of sensible heat of hot air is converted into the latent heat of water which is responsible for the evaporation of water. For the evaporation of water to take place spray of water, porous fibres pads, cellulose papers etc. are used. On the basis of contact of water and air, evaporative cooling system can be classified in two categories, first one is direct evaporative cooling (DEC) system and the second one is indirect evaporative cooling system (IEC). In case of DEC direct contact of air and the water takes place. And in case of IEC there is always a film or sheet of matter which allows only the sensible heat of hot air to transfer from one side to another side. These two modes of evaporative cooling systems can be combined to produce greater level of cooling effect. These modes can also be used in the form of hybrid cooling systems. Evaporative cooling technology has many advantages like supply of fresh air, use of water in place of CFCs as working fluid, ease of manufacturing, lesser power requirements, easy maintenance and in maintaining suitable level of humidity in drier regions. Evaporative cooling has many environmental benefits which include reduction of CO2 and CFC/HCFC emissions. The minimum temperature that can be achieved is the WBT of the entering air [1]. To better understand and improve the effectiveness of evaporative cooling systems, exergy analysis can be used besides the energy analysis. The term exergy was introduced by Rant in 1953. Exergy analysis uses principles conservation of mass simultaneously. Exergy analysis is based on second law of thermodynamics. Exergy is always calculated with respect to a dead state and it is destroyed due to irreversibilities of the process. Imperfections of thermodynamic systems can be quantified as exergy destruction with the help of exergy analysis, which represent losses in energy quality or usefulness (Dincer and Rosen, 2007).
2.LITERATURE
 
REVIEW
In the field of direct evaporative cooling several authors dedicated their researches. Watt [1] developed the first serious analyses of direct and indirect evaporative systems, Halasz [2] presented a general dimensionless mathematical model to describe all evaporative cooling devices namely cooling water towers, evaporative condensers of fluid, air washes, dehumidification coils, etc. Camargo et al. [3]  presented the principles of operation for direct and indirect evaporative cooling systems and the mathematical
 
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Direct Evaporative Cooling System
Sachdeva A
1
., Rajput S.P.S.
2
, Kothari A.
3
 
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, OCT, Bhopal (M.P.)
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, MANIT, Bhopal (M.P.)
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, UIT, RGPV, Bhopal (M.P.)
 
IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJME)
Web Site:
http://www.ipasj.org/IIJME/IIJME.htm
 
 A Publisher for Research Motivation........
 
Email: editoriijme@ipasj.org Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016 ISSN 2321-6441 Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016 Page 2
 
development of thermal exchanges equations, Koca et al. [4] have developed a procedure for testing evaporative cooling  pads. Their results show that pad performance is affected by pad angle, pad thickness, face air velocity, and static  pressure drop across the pad and can be expressed in terms of evaporative cooling efficiency and static pressure drop. Dai et al. [5] solved governing equations for cross-flow direct evaporative cooler using an integration method. They used honeycomb paper as packing material and assumed constant space between channels and they simply modelled the thin water film on surfaces. Their results showed that the performance improve by optimizing length of the air channel of honeycomb paper, mass flow rates of air and feed water. Kruger [6] emphasized that the use of direct evaporative cooling system in humid places such as Maracaibo is not effective. In this way, indirect evaporative cooling system came to birth, gained its popularity and developed for more than a century.Liao et al. [7] developed a wind tunnel technique for measuring performance of the evaporative cooling pads. Liao et al. [8] investigated the effects of air velocity and pad thickness on the efficiency and pressure drop of evaporative cooling pads. Al-Sulaiman [9] experimentally evaluated the performance of three natural fibres (palm fibre, jute and luffa) as wetted pads in evaporating cooling. Gunhan et al. [10] experimentally evaluated the suitability of greenhouse shading net, pumice stones and volcanic tuff as pad materials for use in evaporative coolers. Khond [11] investigated the performance of evaporative cooler using four different pad materials i.e. stainless steel wire mesh, coconut coir, khus and wood wool. Dzivama et al. [12] they used ground sponge, stem sponge, jute fibre and charcoal as pads for an evaporative cooler Kulkarni et al [13] analyzed the performance of jute fibre ropes as alternative cooling media as ropes are capable of retaining high moisture and have a large wetted surface area. Hot and dry air is allowed to flow over the wet jute rope  bank tightly held between two plates which are integral part of two tanks. Kulkarni et al [14] theoretically analyzed the performance of evaporative cooler pads of rigid cellulose, corrugated  paper, high density polythene packing and aspen fibre having rectangular, cylindrical and hexagonal shape. In the field of exergy analysis, Dincer [15] presented the linkages between energy and exergy, exergy and the environment, energy and sustainable development, and energy policy making. Chengqin et al. [16] reported the exergy analysis of the HVAC systems. To eliminate the exergy calculation of water at ambient temperature an unusual dead state is selected. Alhamzy [17] analyses an air-conditioning process based on the exergy analysis and calculates the minimum work required for dehumidification process. Qureshi et al. [18] applied the exergy analysis to various  psychrometric processes and calculated irreversibility in each processes. Kanoglua et al.[19] applied the exergy analysis on an open desiccant cooling process. Certain ideal operating characteristics based exergy analysis is assumed for each component. Qureshi et al. [20] applied the exergy analysis of cooling towers and evaporative heat exchangers. They calculated the irreversible losses of each system. They reported that an increase in the inlet WBT increases the exergy efficiency of heat exchanger. Taufiq et al. [21] study the performance of DEC in a Malaysian building on the basis of second law of thermodynamics. The average RH and were chosen as the dead state. They reported that an increase in RH increases second law efficiency. Muangnoi et al. [22] applied the exergy analysis of cooling towers. They reported that irreversibility is higher at bottom of a cooling tower. Kanoglu et al. [23] applied the exergy analysis on  psychrometric processes. They studied the effects of ambient temperature and RH at the inlet and exit of air. They reported that the processes with low second law efficiency and high exergy destruction have great scope of improvements. Chen et al. [24] analyzed ECS based on moisture entransy theory. They reported that for better efficiency of system should have minimum thermal resistance.
3.E
XERGY ANALYSIS
 
The exergy balance for the control volume of the ECS is expressed by
in out dest los
 Ex Ex Ex Ex
 
 (1) where
out 
 Ex
,
in
 Ex
,
lost 
 Ex
and
dest 
 Ex
 are the exergy output rate, exergy input rate, exergy loss rate and exergy destruction rate respectively. Rate of exergy input
in
 Ex
 is
,,
in in da in w
 Ex Ex Ex
 (2) 
,,
in in da in w
 Ex Ex Ex
 (3) 
,
in w w w da SI w
m e m e
 Ex
  
 (4) Sp. exergy rate of dry air
000000
0
1ln
lnln(1)
SI Sda pda a a
T e c T R T R T
PP
  
 (5) and for water sp. exergy rate
 
IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJME)
Web Site:
http://www.ipasj.org/IIJME/IIJME.htm
 
 A Publisher for Research Motivation........
 
Email: editoriijme@ipasj.org Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016 ISSN 2321-6441 Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016 Page 3
 
00
()()0()()()()0
()()()ln
SI SSI S
w f T g T f T g sat T f T wv
e h h T s sP P v R
 
 (6)
0sup
 ply
PP
 
 (7) The rate of sp. exergy output
out 
 Ex
 is
out da
m e
 Ex
 
 
 (8)
0000000
0
()1ln()(1)(1)lnln(1)
1ln
SI St pda SI pw SI aSI a SI SSI 
T e c c T R T  R T 
PP
    
 (9) 
0000000
0
()1ln()(1)(1)lnln(1)
1ln
SI St pda SI pw SI aSI a SI SSI 
T e c c T R T  R T 
PP
    
 (10) Exergy loss rate is
0
1
loss coolingSI 
Q
 Ex
 
 (11) Exergy destruction rate is
dest in out los
 Ex Ex Ex Ex
 
 (12) Entropy generated rate is
0
dest 
 Ex
 
 
 (13) Second law efficiency is
out in da SI w
 Ex e Ex e e
 
 
 (14) Sp. exergy of moist air is
000
()1ln
th pa pv
T ex c c T
 
 
 (15) Mechanical sp. exergy of moist air is
0
0
(1.608)
1ln
mech a
ex R
 p p
 
 (16) Chemical Sp. exergy of moist air is
000
(11.608)(11.608)ln1.608ln(11.608)
chem a
ex R
    
 (17) Total sp. exergy of moist air is 
th mech chem
ex ex ex ex
 (18) Sp. exergy of water is
00
ln
w v
 R T 
 
 
 (19)
Exergy Analysis for DEC
12
0
a a w w a a
 
m m m
 
 (20)
21
()
w a
m m
  
 (21) 
4.V
ARIATION IN
S
ATURATION
E
FFICIENCY
Wet-bulb saturation efficiency of DEC decreases with increase in the air mass flow rate. This is expected because with increase in air mass flow rate, air has lesser contact time with water layer causing less evaporation of water. Saturation efficiency of DEC increases with increase in the thickness of cooling pads. This is also expected because with increase in the thickness of the cooling air gets greater contact time with water layer causing higher evaporation of water. For 5 cm thick pads saturation efficiency varied from 48.7 to 59.6%, for 10cm thick pads saturation efficiency varied from 70.4 to 80.1% and for 15cm thick pads saturation efficiency varied from 81.9 to 88.5%. The overall variation in the saturation efficiency is from 48.7 to 88.5%.

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