CELL STRUCTUIRE AND CELL ORGANIZATION

Basic biological drawing skills

Accurate representations of observed

specimen
Line drawing to highlight certain
structure

Guidelines for Good Biological

Drawings

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

Draw, label and name

Only draw what you observed
Start from the centre of page
Draw label lines and write the
labels at the end of it (label must
be out of drawing
State the magnification
Do not use pens or coloured
pencil.
Do not shade the drawing
Do not cross label lines as it may
be confusing

Microscopy

Light microscope magnify object by

bending lights via lens
Magnification up to 1500 to 2000
Electron microscope (EM)- enabled
observation
of
organelle
with
magnification up to 1 000 000.
Electron micrograph (a photo of
sample) is produced when viewing
EM
Calculation:

Linear magnification=
length of drawing
Length of specimen

power of objective lens

Magnifying power of a microscope= ( power of ey

History of Cells
o
o
o

o
o

1590Jansen
invented
light
microscope
1665- Robert Hooke was first man to
observed cork cells
1840- Purkinje named protoplasm
*Later it was separated into two
Protoplasm= cytoplasm + nucleus
1930sInvention
of
electron
microscope
Smaller components known as
organelles are discovered through the
years

ORGANELLES
Nucleus
-bounded by nuclear membrane containing nucleolus,

Nucleolus
-Structure within nucleus containing DNA, RNA

chromosomes and nucleoplasm

-Controls cells activity and separates genetic materials

and protein
-Makes RNA which is needed to make ribosomes

from cytoplasm

and proteins

Chromosomes
-Thread-like structure that contain DNA. Appear as

Nuclear membrane
-two membranes layer that have pores
-Selectively permeable and control movement of

chromatin

in

the

nucleus

and

condense

into

chromosome during cell division

-Carry genetic information
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-Connected to the nuclear membrane and the surface

material in and out of nucleus

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
-Free of ribosome and are connected to RER.

are attached by ribosome units. They are flat sac.

-synthesises and transport proteins made by ribosome.
Mitochondria
-rod shape, consisting of two membrane where the

Tubular sac structure

-Synthesises lipids and steroids
Lysosome
-sac-like that contain digestive enzymes (hydrolytic

inner ones folded into cristae

- Synthesis ATP (Adeosine triphosphate) which is the

enzymes)
-Break down food particle, digestion (protein,lipid

energyNonfor cellsOrganelles

and carbohydrates) in cells and remove damage

a) Plasma membrane
organelles
-Thin membrane
surrounds the cell and is selectivelyRibosomes
permeable
Chloroplast
-separates
cellchlorophyll
components
outside
and controls
exchange
of
-lens-shaped
and contain
that trapfrom
sunlight
-Dot shaped
that are either
free in cytoplasm
or are
molecules
into
and
outside
of
cells
through
various
transport
for energy
attached to RER
-Carry out photosynthesis in the chlorophyll of grana
-Synthesis protein from RNA
Centriole
Cytoplasm
b) Cell wall
-Cylindrical
shaped,
at
opposite
poles
of
cells
-Rigid cellulose layer surrounding plasma
membrane
-Aqueous
solution containing organelles,
-Involve in cell division by producing spindle to assist
-Provide support and protection for cell
and
prevent
cellnutrients
burst and
salts, dissolved gas,
movement of chromosomes

c) Vacuole
-Small cavity in cytoplasm
-For storage, digestion and waste removal (it helps in plants cell expansion)

enzymes
-Provide medium for metabolic reaction
and energy production (biochemical)