PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a particle (adverb or preposition). They may be replaced by a single
word. Remember that the particle must come after the pronoun if a pronoun is used.
Examples

Phrasal verb

Replacement

Phrasal verb

Replacement

act for
represent
add in
insert
answer toverb
responsible
Phrasal
Replacement
ask in
invite
find
out
discover
ask for
request
fish
for
seek
ask out
invite
fix
up
arrange
back away
retreat
get
leave
backaway
up
support
get
manage
backalong
out
withdraw
get
out
leave
be back
return
get
down
descend
be after
want
get
up
rise
be off
leave
give
donate,
blackaway
out
faint betray
give
in
surrender
Blow up
explode
give
emit
Blowoff
down
concede
break
up
disintegrate
go
ahead
begin
go
Break
through
out
endure
escape
P h r a sgo
a with
l forwardR e p l aaccompany
cemen
Bring
advance
verb
t
grow
mature
Bring up
up
raise
start off
begin
Brushover
up
improve
hand
give
step in
intervene
brushon
off
reject
have
wear
step up
increase
call off
cancel
head
back
return
stir up hold
cause, provoke
call aton
visit
wait
sum up inquire
summarise
carry outinto
implement
investigate
take afterjoin
resembleparticipate
carryinon
continue
cast out
expel
take off keep
remove continue
up

cave in
collapse
check out
leave
check inverb
arrive
Phrasal
Replacement
check up
examine
map
out
plan
clear away
remove
make
invent
come up
back
return
mix
up
confuse
come by
get, visit
own
admit
comeupclown
descend
pass
die
comeaway
in
enter
pass
faint
comeout
out
emerge
pay
offinto
settle
come
inherit
pick
choose
cookout
up
invent
pile
upout
accumulate
count
exclude
point
out
show
cover up
hide
press
for
demand
crop up
arise
cut down
reduce
pull
back
withdraw
pull
cut in
up
stop
interrupt
P h r apull
s aoff
l
R e p lwithdraw
adisconnect
ceme
cut
out
verb
nt
put
away
keep
do up
improve
turn down /
refuse, reject
do away
abolish
put
aside with
save
turn out
become
draw
into
attract
put
down
humiliate
turn up
appear
dropout
by
visit
put
extinguish
warm up
heat
end
up
result
put up with
tolerate
wear out
exhaust
fall after
back on
depend
ran
pursue
weasel ran
out
renege flee
faceaway
up to
accept
figure
solve
weed back
removemeet
run
intoout

kick up
take away
remove raise
knock
down
take on
accept destroy
laugh
at
take up
occupy mock
lay aside
abandon
think of
imagine, remember
lay down
impose
lay out
arrange
think about
consider
leave out
omit
throw outlet off
expel release
throw uplet down
vomit disappoint
tie up lie back
bind
recline
tire out look at
exhaust examine
look on
watch
touch down
land
search
tuck in look for
eat
look up to
respect
turn away
reject
make off with
steal

run through
win back
rush through
win over
wind upsend for
set off
wipe out
show off
wither away
show up
work out
shut away
workedspark
up off
wranglespill
over
over
wrap up
spread out
wrigglespeak
out for
spill
write up up
spur on
yearn for
sort out
zoom in
stand up

regain rehearse
converthurry
end summon
start
exterminate
brag
die
appear
solve
hidden
angry cause
fight overflow
cover scatter
escape represent
review separate
desire encourage
separate
focus
defend

FUNCTIONS OF CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are used to join phrases, clauses and sentences.

Function

Conjunction

Example

To join two
words

and
as well as

To show reason

because
for

John and Mary are classmates.

All participants were given a T-shirt
as well as a bottle of water.
He is late because he missed the bus.
The man could not concentrate on his
job for lack of sleep.
He had to walk home as he had lost his
wallet.
Since he had missed the first lecture, he
had to borrow his friend's notes.

as
since
To show
contrast

but
although
though
yet

Jenny loves to eat mangoes but hates

papayas.
Although he is only ten years old, he is
taller than his mother.
The examination results show that he is
the top student though he does not
believe it.
He is a very rich and powerful man, yet
he is very humble and does not like to
show off.

Function

Conjunction

Example

despite

Despite the fact that he was not

feeling well, he still showed up to
support his class team in the interclass
basketball
competition.
He loves durians. However, he
refrains from buying them because
eating them would mean putting on
weight. He continued to play in the
football match in spite of his
injuries because he did not want to
let his teammates down.
They did not practise often enough,
consequently, they lost the match.
He ate a lot of food very quickly so
he had a bad stomachache soon
after.
They were too choosy. As a result,
they remained jobless.
Knowing how to cook is a useful
skill and an asset. Therefore, 1
strongly support the statement that
boys should learn to cook.
You may leave if you have
completed your work.
Unless you hand in your
assignment on time, you will not be
awarded any marks for it.
We cannot begin until the teacher
gives us the signal to do so.

however in spite
of

To show result

consequently
so
as a result
therefore

To state a
condition

if
unless until

To show
something
happening
unexpectedly

Suddenly
all of a sudden

The driver swerved suddenly to the

left, to avoid hitting the cyclist who
had shot out from a side lane.
We were taking a leisurely stroll
when all of a sudden, a cat dashed
across our path, chased by a
ferocious little dog.

Function

Conjunction

Example

To show two or
more actions
are going on
at the same
time

while
when as
meanwhile
just as

To show
purpose

in order to so
that

The mother was singing to the

baby while she was rocking
him to sleep.
I was cooking when the
telephone rang. As I was
leaving the house, it began to
rain.
The maid was tidying the
room. Meanwhile, the baby had
awakened and was crying.
Just as the policeman
approached, the man turned
He ate quickly in order to have
more lime to watch television.
He walked quickly so that he
could catch up with his friends
who had left earlier.

To show that
there is a
choice

either...... or
or

To show
similarity

neither... nor
nor

To indicate the
time frame of
an action

after before
when
whenever

To show two
parties or
actions
(conjunctions
used in pairs)

both ... and

We can select either Menu A or

Menu B for the Teacher's
Farewell Dinner.
There is a choice of fresh fruit
or caramel custard for dessert.
Neither John nor James will
attend the class reunion dinner
as they will be away on that
day
The boy has not eaten, nor has
he slept for the last ten hours.
He went home after the rain
stopped. He washed his hands
before he had his dinner.
When you arrive in Penang,
give me a call and I will come
and meet you.
Please let me know whenever
you
Bothneed
Maryany
andhelp.
Alice succeeded
in getting their driving licences
on the same day.
Both his parents and mine are
old friends from the same
school.

Idiom

Example

Meaning

not to know
someone from 1
Adam

I don't know him from Adam

[I do not know him at all.]

not to be acquainted
with him at all

1 to come of age

When he comes of age, he will

have access to the fortune
bequeathed to him by his late
grandmother.
[When he is 21 years old, he will
be able to use the money left to
him by his late grandmother.]
The officer told his men to be on
the alert for any illegal immigrants
trying to sneak into the country.

to attain the age of 21 at

which the law
recognises a person as
an adult, capable of
managing on j his own

all agog

The children were all agog after

the teacher's announcement that a
surprise was in store for them.

restless with expectation

all and sundry

The mayor invited all and sundry

to his garden party on City Day.
[The mayor invited everybody, the
ordinary people as well as VIPs, to
his garden party on City Day]

everyone, without
distinction

to be on the alert

IDIOMS

to be watchful an^J
ready

LIST
OF

Idiom

Example

Meaning

to keep up
appearances

Even though they had lost most of

their family fortune, they still had ;
to keep up appearances.

to behave in a seemly
way before others

up in arms

The people in the village were up

in arms when told that they were
being threatened by outsiders.

ready to fight

to go back on (a
person)

John promised Richard that he

would not go back on him
whatever the outcome of the deal
was.
My neighbours have left, bag and
baggage, for another town.

to betray a person

a bee line for

The hungry man made a bee line

for the buffet table where various
types of food were laid out.

to head straight for

a birds eye view

You will have a bird's eye view of

the football game if you sit here.

a very good view

black sheep

the is the black sheep of his family

| and is shunned by many people.

a person who is badly

behaved and not
considered respectable

a wet blanket
|

Mary was such a wet blanket when

we revealed our plans to climb
Mount Kinabalu that some girls
decided to back out ol the trip.

one who discourages

others and causes others
to become disheartened

a blue moon

The old woman lamented that her

son visited her only once in a blue
moon

something which
happens very rarely

bosom friend

Mary and Ellen are bosom friends

and always help each other.

very good friend

to have a bone to
pick (with
someone)

1 have a bone to pick with him

since he is responsible for my
losses.

to have a cause to
quarrel with or complain
against someone

bag and baggage

completely, leaving
nothing behind

Idiom

Example

Meaning

bread and butter

Writing stories for children is her

bread and butter.
Writing stories for children is her
way of earning a living.

means of sustaining life

to make a clean
breast of

After her arrest, she made a clean

breast of the role she played in the
i kidnapping of the young woman.

to confess, something
that has been kept a
secret

to take away
one's breath

The beautiful flowers in full bloom

took away my breath and 1 could
only gaze in silent admiration.

to cause surprise

:
to nip in the bud

Emerging vandalism among

students should be nipped in the
bud before it goes out of control.

to destroy or suppress
without delay

to burn one's
lingers

Because of my lack of experience

and insufficient understanding of
the stock market, 1 burnt my
lingers when 1 speculated in some
shares.
Young people are often advised
against leading a cat and dog life
and to be moderate in their
attitudes.
There was a crowd and it was
difficult to catch Danny's eye,
although 1 kept waving at him.

To suffer loss, usually

financial

to take the chair

Hamid was asked to take the chair

at the meeting because the
president was unable to be present.

| to assume the position

of the chairperson at a
meeting

to live in clover

Winning the first prize in the

lottery enabled them to live in
clover.
She shed crocodile tears when told
that her rival would have to
withdraw from the competition
because of a car accident.

to live in luxury

a cat and dog life

to catch
(someone's) eye

crocodile tears

a life filled with petty I

quarrels and arguments
to attract someone's
attention

insincerity shown by an
unfeeling person