Baalbeck

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Archaeological Promenade
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Baalbeck
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10m 50m 100m

Accessible Structures

Baalbeck
Lebanon’s greatest Roman treasure can be counted among
the wonders of the ancient world. The largest and most
noble Roman temples ever built, they are also among the
best preserved.
Towering high above the Békaa plain, their monumental
proportions proclaimed the power and wealth of Imperial
Rome. The gods worshipped here, the Triad of Jupiter, Venus,
and Mercury, were grafted onto the indigenous deities of
Hadad, Atargatis, and a young male god of fertility. Local
influences are also seen in the planning and layout of the
temples, which vary from the classic Roman design.
Over the centuries Baalbeck’s monuments suffered from
theft, war, and earthquakes, as well as from numerous
medieval additions. Fortunately, the modern visitor can
see the site in something close to its original form thanks
to work in the past hundred years by German, French, and
Lebanese archaeologists.
Baalbeck is located on two main historic trade routes, one
between the Mediterranean coast and the Syrian interior and
the other between northern Syria and northern Palestine.
Today the city, 85 kilometers from Beirut, is an important
administrative and economic center in the northern Békaa
valley.
The Temples in History
For centuries the temples of Baalbeck lay under meters of
rubble, obscured by medieval fortifications. But even in ruin
the site attracted the admiration of visitors, and its historical
importance was recognized.
The first survey and restoration work at Baalbeck was begun
by the German Archaeological Mission in 1898. In 1922,
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French scholars undertook extensive research and restoration
of the temples, work which was continued by the Lebanese
Directorate General of Antiquities.
Baalbeck’s temples were built on an ancient tell that goes back
at least to the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. Little is known
about the site during this period, but there is evidence that in
the course of the 1st millennium B.C., an enclosed court was
built on the ancient tell. An altar was set in the center of this
court in the tradition of the biblical Semitic high places.
During the Hellenistic period (333–64B.C.) the Greeks identified
the god of Baalbeck with the sun god, and the city was called
Heliopolis or “City of the Sun.” At this time the ancient
enclosed court was enlarged, and a podium was erected on its
western side to support a temple of classical form. Although
the temple was never built, some huge structures from this
Hellenistic project can still be seen. It was over the ancient
court that the Romans placed the present Great Court of the
Temple of Jupiter.
The temple was begun in the last quarter of the 1st century
B.C. and was nearing completion in the final years of Nero’s
reign (37 – 68 A.D.). The Great Court Complex of the Temple
of Jupiter, with its porticoes, exedrae, altars, and basins, was
built in the 2nd century A.D. Construction of the so-called
Temple of Bacchus was also started about this time.
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The Propylaea and the Hexagonal Court of the Jupiter Temple

were added in the 3rd century under the Severan Dynasty (193-
235 A.D.), and work was presumably completed in the mid-3rd
century. The small circular structure known as the Temple of
Venus was probably finished at this time as well.

When Christianity was declared an official religion of the Roman

Empire in 313 A.D., Emperor Constantine officially closed the
Baalbeck temples. At the end of the 4th century, the Byzantine
Emperor Theodosius tore down the altars of Jupiter’s Great
Court and built a basilica using the temple’s stones and
architectural elements. The remnants of the three apses of this
basilica, originally oriented to the west, can still be seen in the …ôK’G ™bƒªdG
upper part of the stairway of the Temple of Jupiter.
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q ìhô°U áKÓK øe »æjódG ∂Ñ∏©H ™ªéeq ∞dCÉàj
After the Arab Conquest in 636 A.D., the temples were ∑Éægh .zIôgõdG{ ⋲dG ܃°ùæªdG ôjóà°ùªdG óÑ©ªdGh z¢SƒNÉH{ ⋲dG ܃°ùæªdG ô«¨°üdG
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Acropolis today.

During the next centuries Baalbeck fell successively to the

Umayyad, Abbasid, Toulounid, Fatimid and Ayoubid dynasties.
Sacked by the Mongols about 1260, Baalbeck later enjoyed a
period of calm and prosperity under Mamluke rule.

The Site

The temple complex of Baalbeck is made up of the Jupiter

Temple and the Bacchus Temple adjacent to it. A short
distance away is the circular structure known as the Temple
of Venus. Only part of the staircase remains of a fourth temple
dedicated to Mercury, on Sheikh Abdallah hill.

N 3a
3b

6
7
1
2
5 1a
3

8 4
8a
6 Entrance

M1
9 7
Parking

3a 15

10 12 14
11 M2

13
The Great Temple of Jupiter
zôà«HƒL{ óÑ©e hG ,ô«ÑµdG óÑ©ªdG
(9-1) zôà«HƒL{ óÑ©e hG ,ô«ÑµdG óÑ©ªdG

The Great Temple or“Jupiter Temple” [1-9]

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The complex of the Great Temple has four sections: the
monumental entrance or Propylaea, the Hexagonal Court, the
Great Court, and finally the Temple itself where the six famous
columns stand.
3a
3b

1- The Propylaea Ωó≤ªdG ¥GhôdG -1

Completed 6 in the mid- ¥GhôdG Gòg ∞dq CÉàj
7
3rd century A.D., the 1 Ée ¬Ñ°TG á«æHo øe
Propylaea is approached 2 áæ°üëe
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by5 a large semicircle of 1a É¡«aôW ≈∏Y º«bG
stone benches (1a) 3and ɪ¡æ«H π°üj ¿ÉLôH
a partially restored stair- ≈∏Y õµJôj ¥GhQ
way. The entrance struc- ô°ûY »æKG øe ∞°U
8 4 at either
ture has towers ,â«fGô¨dG øe Gk OƒªY
end and is fronted by
6 Entrance
º«¶Y êQO É¡eÉeCGh
12 granite columns. An ∞°üf á«æHo ¬H §«ëJ
9 interior
7 stairway goes to M1 óYÉ≤e äGP ájôFGO
the top of the Propylaea Iqó©e âfÉc ájôéM
where there is an excellent view of the area. ¿Éch π«KɪàdÉH Ék æjõe ¥GhôdG Gòg ¿Éch .(CG-1) ájq 󫡪àdG ä’ÉØàM’G ¢†©H áeÉb’
Parking
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3a 15 .¬«∏j …òdG ó°Só°ùªdG ƒ¡ÑdGh

2- Hexagonal Forecourt
N 3a
3b ¢Só°ùªdG ƒ¡ÑdG -2
10 Three doors lead 12 from 14 ÜGƒHG »°†ØoJ
11 M2
the Propylaea to the Ωqó≤ªdG ¥GhôdG
Hexagonal Forecourt, 6 ƒ¡ÑdG ≈dG áKÓãdG
7
where 30 granite col- AÉæa ƒgh ,¢Sqó°ùªdG
umns originally support- 1
13 ¢ùª°û∏d ±ƒ°ûµe
ed the entablature. This 2 ábhQG áà°S1a¬H §«ëJ
six-sided form was5built ø«KÓK ≈∏Y õµJôJ
3
between the Propylaea .â«fGô¨dG øe Gk OƒªY
and the Great Court in ¿ô≤dG ájÉ¡f »ah
the first half10mof the 3rd 50m 100m
ájGóH hG ™HGôdG
8 century A.D. At the end 4 ,¢ùeÉîdG ¿ô≤dG
8a
of the 4th century or the 6 Entrance áÑq ≤H ƒ¡ÑdG ∞≤°So
early 5th century, it was covered with a dome and transformed √òg ¿G QOÉ°üªdG
M1
¢†©H øe OÉØà°ùjo h .á°ù«æc ≈dG ¬∏jƒëJ ó©H ÖgòdÉH á«q ∏£e á«q °SÉëf
9 Byzantine Emperor Theodosius.
into a church by the 7 .Iôî°üdG ≈∏Y Ö°üæoàd ¢Só≤ªdG â«H ≈dG â∏≤fo h É¡©°Vƒe øe â©∏oàbG ób áÑ≤dG
Parking

3a 15
3-The Great Court
Built in the 2nd cen-
tury A.D., the Great
Court covered an area
of 134 x 112 meters
and contained the main
installations of the cult.
Structurally, the Court
is a platform built on
N
the leveled-off top of the
ancient artificial tell. The
tell was consolidated on
the eastern, northern,
and southern sides by vaulted substructures, and on the
western side by the temple’s podium. These substructures
supported the porticos and exedrae around the Court and were
used for stables (3b) and storage. [You can visit the Museum
installed in the stables – access from the parking].
The entire Court was enclosed by a succession of rectangular
and semi-circular exedrae or recesses decorated by niches (3a)
which contained statues. Surrounding the Court, in front of the
exedrae, was an 84-column 8a Corinthian colonnade8of Egyptian
granite. On the exterior walls of the Court, the remains of medi-
eval battlements can still be seen.
9 7
ô«ÑµdG ƒ¡ÑdG -3
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á«∏Ø°ùdG
2 øe πNóªdG -
5 .(äGQÉ«°ùdG ∞bƒe
3
4
6 Entrance
M1

4 & 5- The Altar & the Tower

Parking
êôÑdGh íHòªdG -5 h 4
3a 15
Two huge structures stand in the center of the Great Court: (5) íHòªdÉH πãªàJ ɪgGóMEG ,¿Éà«°ù«FQ ¿Éà«æHo ô«ÑµdG ƒ¡ÑdG §°Sh »a ™ØJôJ
a restored sacrificial altar (5) and a tower with only the lower ’G ¬æe ≥Ñj ºd ºî°V êôÑH (4) iôN’G πãq ªàJ ɪ«a ,πµ«¡dG ≈dG Üôb’G »gh
courses remaining (4). The tower, dating from the beginning of ≈dG Oƒ©j ¬fG PEG ,Gk ó¡Y ƒ¡ÑdG á«æHG ΩóbCG êôÑdG Gòg πµq °ûjh .≈∏Ø°ùdG ¬µ«eGóe ¢†©H
the 1st century A.D., was probably builtNto allow the worshipers πµ«¡dG AÉæH É¡«a3a…ôéj ¿Éc »àdG IôàØdG ≈dG …G ,∫h’G ¿ô≤dG øe ∫h’G ∞°üædG
to view the proceedings from the top. ¢†FGôØdG ¢†©H AGO’ êÉéëdG É¡«≤Jôj ábÓªY á°üæe 3b ¿Éc ¬fG hóÑjh .ô«ÑµdG
q áHÉãªH
10 12 .¢Sƒ≤W øe º¡dƒM 14 hG
…ôéj Ée IógÉ°ûªd
11 M2

6
7 13
1
2
5
3
10m 50m 100m

8 4
8a
6 Ent

M1
9 7
Parking

3a
 N 3a
3b

6&7- The Columns & the Ritual Pools
The Great Court was
flanked by two solitary
columns of gray and red
granite (6). Two pools for
ritual washing (7), deco-
rated with relief carv-
ings, were placed north
and south of both the
altar and the 8aPropylaea
tower.
These structures were
9
destroyed when a 7
Christian basilica was built on the site at the end of the 4th
century.
∂jôÑàdG ¢VGƒMCGh ¿GOƒª©dG - 7 h 6
6 »ÑfÉL ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤j
7 ¿GOƒªY êôÑdG
(6) ¿GOôØæe
5 øe ɪgóMG2
3 ôªM’G â«fGô¨dG
â«fGô¨dG øe ôN’Gh
§«ëjh .…OÉeôdG
4 íHòªdGh êôÑdÉH
8 ¿É°VƒM ¬«∏j …òdG
6 √É«ªd É°ü°üNq
Aƒ°VƒdGh ∂jôÑàdG
M1
äôeq Oo óbh .(7)
.z¢Sƒ«°ShOƒ«K{ QƒWGôÑe’G á°ù«æc É¡fɵe Ωƒ≤àd ™HGôdG ¿ô≤dG ájÉ¡f »a ºdÉ©ªdG √òg
Parking
3a

8- The Temple of Jupiter ô«ÑµdG πµ«¡dG -8

óæY ¬°ùØf ôFGõdG óéj ,ô«ÑµdG ƒ¡ÑdGh ¢Sqó°ùªdG ƒ¡ÑdGh Ωqó≤ªdG ¥GhôdG RÉ«àLG ó©H
É¡°VôØJ âfÉc10»àdG πMGôªdG øe OóY RÉ«àLG ó©H ¬∏°Uh óbh ,ô«ÑµdG πµ«¡dG ÜÉàYCG
12 á«eÉ°ùdG äGOÉÑ©dG ∫ƒ°UG
11 ,Gk ôàe 48 ¬°VôYh Gk ôàe 88 πµ«¡dG ∫ƒWM2≠∏Ñjh .áªjó≤dG q
á«fÉehôdG áæjóªdG ¢VQG ¥ƒa Gk ôàe 20 É¡YÉØJQG ≠∏Ñj ᪫¶Y ácq Op ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤j ¿Éch
áKÓK É¡æ«H øe ,áªî°V IQÉéëH â«æHo óbh ,ƒ¡ÑdG á«q °VQG ¥ƒa QÉàeG á©Ñ°Sh IQhÉéªdG
øe óMGƒdG ∫ƒW ≠∏Ñjh .Ωó≤dG òæe É¡Jô¡°T âYGP óbh »Hô¨dG É¡£FÉM »a QÉéMG
êQóH πµ«¡dG ≈dG ó©°üjo h .QÉàeG 3 ¬àcɪ°Sh QÉàeG 4 √ƒq ∏Yh Gk ôàe 20 IQÉéëdG √òg
Égƒ∏©j Gk OƒªY ø«°ùªNh á©HQG øe ¥GhQ ¬H §«ëj ¿Éch .ÖWÉ°ùe çÓK …P º«¶Y
N .Oƒ°S’Gh ¿Gô«ãdG ¢ShDhQ ¬æjq õJ ±ôNõe õjôaEG 3a
10m 50m 100m

6
After passing through the Propylaea, the Hexagonal Forecourt, 7
and Great Court, the worshiper at last arrived at the Temple
of Jupiter. This approach to the sanctuary through a series of 5
defined spaces was an apparent oriental adaptation.
The Temple measures 88 x 48 meters and stands on a
podium 13 meters above the surrounding terrain and 7 meters
above the courtyard. It is reached by a monumental stairway. 4
Originally surrounded by 54 external columns, most of these 8a 8
now lie in fragments on the ground. The six standing columns
(9) are joined by an entablature decorated with a frieze of bull
and lion heads connected by garlands.
9 7
The Podium is built with some of the largest stone blocks ever
hewn. On the west side of the podium is the “Trilithon” (8a),
a celebrated group of three enormous stones weighing about
800 tons each. 3a

10
 N 3a

9- The Six Corinthian Columns áà°ùdG ∂Ñ∏©H IóªYCG -9

√ò¡a .¿ÉgP’G »a Ék Nƒ°SQ Qƒ°üdG ôãcG ø«H øe áàà°ùdG ∂Ñ∏©H IóªYCG IQƒ°U ¿ƒµJ ób
Iôµa »£©J ,É¡fÉé«Jh ÉgóYGƒb ∂dP »a ɪH ,Gk ôàe 22 É¡YÉØJQG ≠∏Ñj »àdG IóªY’G 6
.»LQÉîdG ¬bGhQ øe Gk AõL πµ°ûJ âfÉc7…òdG πµ«¡dG øY
5

N 3a
3b
8 4
8a

9 6 7
7
The six Corinthian columns of the Great Temple are the first 2
view the visitor has of Baalbeck. Thrusting 22 meters into the 5
3 3a
skyline, they were built on a podium seven meters above the
Court. These six columns and the entablature on top give an
idea of the vast scale of the original structure.
8 4
8a
6
10- Temple of Bacchus
M1
10
9 11z¢SƒNÉH{
7 πµ«g hG ,ô«¨°üdG πµ«¡dG - 10 M2

The smaller temple next to the Jupiter complex is a separate πµ«¡dG IGPÉëªH Parki
building known as the Temple of Bacchus. Constructed during πµ«g Ωƒ≤j ô«ÑµdG
the first half of the 2nd century A.D., it has been remarkably 3a ¿ƒ°†Z »a »æHo ôNBG
well preserved. .Ω.Ü »fÉãdG ¿ô≤dG
While the Great Temple was dedicated to the public cult of the øe ¬fƒµH RÉàªjh
Heliopolitan Triad, the smaller temple was apparently dedicated πcÉ«¡dG π°†aG
to a mysterious cult centered around Bacchus, as suggested by Ék ¶ØM á«fÉehôdG 10m

the grapes and poppies carved on the main doorway and other Ék °û≤f É¡YóHG øeh
carved Bacchic scenes. 10 12 ≈∏Y Ék aôNRh
11 M2
Thirty-three steps lead up to the entrance and the whole structure ™ØJôjh .¥ÓW’G
sits on a platform five meters high. The entrance through the lofty ácO ≈∏Y πµ«¡dG
monumental gate and the view of its ornate interior constitute one á°ùªN É¡YÉØJQG ≠∏Ñj
of the loveliest sights of Baalbeck. The stairs on either side of the ¬«dG ó©°üjo h QÉàeG
doorway may have had some ritual function. ∞dq CÉàj º«¶Y êQóH
çƒdÉãdG IOÉÑ©d Ék °Sôq µe ¿Éc …òdG ô«ÑµdG óÑ©ªdG ¢ùµ©Hh .áLQO ø«KÓKh çÓK øe
Ék °Sôq µe ¿Éc ô«¨°üdG πµ«¡dG ¿EÉa ,á«q æ∏©dGh áeÉ©dG ôFÉ©°ûdG áeÉbEG ∫ÓN øe »µÑ∏©ÑdG
Gƒ¡≤ØJ øjòdG ¿hQq É°ùªo dG ’G É¡«a ∑ôà°ûj ’ »àdG
10m ájq Qq É°ùªo dG ¢Sƒ≤£dG 50m¢†©H áeÉb’
…òdG ÜÉ°ûdG ∂Ñ∏©H ¬dEG ∫ƒM QƒëªàJ äGOÉÑ©dGh ¢Sƒ≤£dG √òg âfÉch .QGô°S’G »a
äÉØ°U ºKq øe ¬«∏Y â¨Ñ°SG ób âfÉc ɪdh .¿É©£≤dGh äÉÑædG ƒªf ≈∏Y ±ô°ûjo ¿Éc
Ék WÉÑJQG â£ÑJQG ób »µÑ∏©ÑdG çƒdÉãdG ∞æc »a »¡dEG πØ£c ¬JOÉÑY ¿EÉa ,á«q °ùª°T
ƃ∏ÑH πe’G ™e 䃪dGh ∫ƒHòdGh ƒq ªædGh IO’ƒdG ádCÉ°ùªH ø«æeDƒªdG ¿ÉgPG »a Ék ≤«Kh
,äGQqóîªdG ¢†©H ∫hÉæJ øªq °†àJ Ée »a øªq °†àJ ¢Sƒ≤£dG âfÉch .iôNG IÉ«M
ô°ùØj Ée Gògh .á°Sqó≤ªdG Iƒ°ûædG ƃ∏H øe ø«æeDƒªdG ø«µªàd ,¿ƒ«a’Gh IôªîdÉc
¢†©Hh ¢TÉî°ûîdG AGôLh Öæ©dG ó«bÉæYh íª≤dG πHÉæ°Sh áeôµdG πãq ªJ ¢Tƒ≤f OƒLh
…òdG ôe’G ,¬∏NGO »ah πµ«¡dG áHGƒH ≈∏Y Iƒ°ûædG äÉ≤∏M øe IÉMƒà°ùªdG ógÉ°ûªdG
.z¢SƒNÉH{ ¬d’G ≈dG πµ«¡dG Gòg GƒÑ°ùæj ¿’ º¡°†©ÑH GóM
 5

8 4
8a

11- The Arabic Citadel

9
3a
á«Hô©dG á©∏≤dG7-11
N 3b
Behind the Temple of Bacchus and enclosing the lower area to IôàØdG ∫ÓN CÉ°ûfCG ™bƒª∏d á«Hô¨dG-á«HƒæédG á¡édG »a z¢SƒNÉH{ ¬d’G óÑ©e ∞∏N
the southwest, a mass ô°üYh á«Hƒj’G 3a
of wall towers and bat- Ak ÉæH ∂«dɪªdG
tlements were built dur-
6
≈∏Y …ƒàëj Ék ªî°V
ing the Ayoubid and the 7 ¿GQóLh êGôHG
Mamluke periods. The áaÉ°V’ÉH áªî°V1
entrance to the citadel 2 á©∏≤dG áHGƒH ≈dG
was here, as well as a 5 10 √ó««°ûJ ºJ óé°ùeh
mosque in the name of 11 3 »ÑædG º°SG ≈∏Y M2
the prophet Abraham. .º«gGôHG
8 4
8a
6 E

M1
9 7
12- The 15th Century Tower ∂«dɪªdG ô°üY øeParking
êôH - 12 10m

The 15th century tower 3a πµ«g ájhGR óæY

at the corner of the
Temple of Bacchus is
a good example of the
Mamluke fortifications
of Baalbeck. From the
top of the tower a view
can be had of 11the sur-
rounding area. [You
are invited to visit the
Museum installed in the
Tower].
z¢SƒNÉH{ ¬d’G
á«q bô°ûdG á«q HƒæédG
ô°üY øe êôH
,Ék °†jG ∂«dɪªdG
¿ô≤dG »a »æHo óbh
10 12 ¿ƒµ«d ô°ûY ¢ùeÉîdG 14
M2
áæ£∏°ùdG ÜGƒq æd Gk ôq ≤e
Éeh ,∂Ñ∏©H »a
êôÑdGh πµ«¡dG ∫Gõj
¿Éaô©j ¬d ≥°UÓªdG
QGO{`H Ωƒ«dG ≈àM
.(êôÑdG πNGO OƒLƒªdG ∞ëàªdG IQÉjR ¿Éµe’ÉH) .zIOÉ©°ùdG

10m 50m 100m

 8 4
6 Entrance

M1
9 7
Parking

13-The Round Temple

3a 15
ôjóà°ùªdG πµ«¡dG -13
The Round Temple or hG ,ôjóà°ùªdG πµ«¡dG
the so-called Temple of zIôgõdG{ πµ«g
Venus, located south- »bô°ûdG ܃æédG ≈dG
10 east of12the Acropolis, 14 Ωƒ≤j zá©∏≤dG{ øe
11 M2
was built in the 3rd cen- ôjóà°ùe ô«¨°U πµ«g
tury A.D.
3a Its design and ¬ª«ª°üàd π«ãe ’
size, as well as its orien- 3b AÉëfG ™«ªL »a
tation towards the Great 13 »fÉehôdG ºdÉ©dG
Temple, set it apart from óbh ,¥ÓW’G ≈∏Y
the other Baalbeck tem- ¿ƒ°†Z »a »æHo
ples. These
6 attributes .ådÉãdG ¿ô≤dG
7 also help identify it as πµ«¡dG Gòg ¿Éch
the temple of the Fortune of Baalbeck, 10m 50m
the protector divinity of 100m 1 á¡dBG ΩÉeG É¡H ™Ø°ûJh ∂Ñ∏©H áæjóe πãªJ »àdG ág’’G ºjôµàd Ék °Sôq µe
.Ωɶ©dG áæjóªdG
2 »£fõ«ÑdG ô°ü©dG »a ¬∏jƒëJh ô«ÑµdG óÑ©ªdG √ÉéJÉH óÑ©ªdG ¬«LƒJ ô°ùØj Ée Gògh
1a á°ùjó≤dG º°SG ≈∏Yq á°ù«æc ≈dG
the City. It was not by accident that during the Byzantine period
5 to Saint Barbara, who
it was converted into a church dedicated ó«dÉ≤àdG ∫ƒ≤Jh ,áæjóªdG á©«Ø°T ôÑà©oJ »àdG zIQÉHôH{
3
is the patron saint of Baalbeck to this day. º°SG ¿ƒ≤∏£j ∂Ñ∏©H »dÉgG ∫Gõj Éeh .∂Ñ∏©H »a äó¡°ûà°SGh äódh É¡fG É¡«a á«q ∏ëªdG
.Ωƒ«dG ≈àM πµ«¡dG Gòg ≈∏Y zIQÉHôÑdG{
8 4
6 Entrance

9 14 & 15 - The Temple of 7the Muses M1

äÉ°SƒªdG πµ«g - 15 h 14
Near the Temple of Parking πµ«g øe áHô≤e ≈∏Y
Venus are the remains ÉjÉ≤H ,zIôgõdG{
3a of the
of “The Temple 15 ™Lôj ôNBG πµ«g
Muses” (14), dating äÉjGóH ≈dG ¬îjQÉJ
from the beginning of ,.Ω.Ü ∫h’G ¿ô≤dG
the 1st century A.D., in IOÉÑ©d Ék °Sôq µe ¿Éch
addition to the remains ,(14) zäÉ°SƒªdG{
of a portico (15). ÜGOB’G ¿ƒæØdG äÉHq Q
10 12 14 OƒLh ≈dG áaÉ°V’ÉH
11 M2
§«ëj óªq ©e ¥GhQ
.(15) ™bƒªdÉH
13

10m 50m 100m

 Around the Town
∂Ñ∏©H AÉëfG »a ádƒL

2
3

1
6 20

7 8
18
22 17 21
17 19
9 17 17

23

11 13

5
14
16

10 12

10m 50m 100m

15

Around the Town ∂Ñ∏©H AÉëfG »a ádƒL

There are a number of other Roman remains and Christian and (áeÉ©dG ∂Ñ∏©H á£jôN ≈∏Y IOƒLƒe º°ù≤dG Gòg »a IQƒcòªdG ™bGƒªdG)
Islamic sites to visit in Baalbeck and its immediate neighbor- ájq ôK’G ºdÉ©ªdG øe ¬H ¢SCÉH ’ Oó©H ∂Ñ∏©H ôNõJ ,(1) zá©∏≤dG{ πcÉ«g ÖfÉL ≈dG
hood. .iôN’G á«eÓ°S’G hG á«ë«°ùªdG hG á«q fÉehôdG
 Around the Town
∂Ñ∏©H AÉëfG »a ádƒL

2- Qubbat as-Saadin (the Cupola of the Monkeys) øjOÉ©°ùdG áÑb - 2

Not far from the City Gate á«q fÉehôdG áHGƒq ÑdG øe áaÉ°ùe ≈∏Y
is a two-room mausole- 2 óbh ,ø«JôéM øe ∞dCÉàj ÖÑq ≤e íjô°V
um built in 1409, which 3 ¿É£∏°ùdG øeR »a .Ω 1409 ΩÉY »æHo
served as a burial place Ék æaóe ¿ƒµ«d êôa ô°UÉædG ∂∏ªdG
for the Mamluke gover- .∂Ñ∏©H »a áæ£∏°ùdG ÜGƒæd
nors of Baalbeck.The 4 ∞°üædG ≈dEG ᫪°ùàdG π°UCG Oƒ©jh
origin of the name goes øjOGôq ≤dG óMCG òîJG ø«M ,1890h 1870 ø«H ,ô°ûY ™°SÉàdG ¿ô≤dG øe »fÉãdG
back to the 19th cen- k ô°ûY ¢ùeÉîdG ¿ô≤dG òæe Qƒé¡ªdG íjô°†dG øe
¿Éc »àdG ¬æjOÉ©°ùdh ¬d ÓFƒe
tury, when an exhibitor of ø«ëdG ∂dP òæe áæjóªdG »a áÑq ≤dG âaôp ©o a ,É¡JÉMÉ°Sh ∂Ñ∏©H ¥Gƒ°SCG »a É¡°Vô©j
monkeys took refuge in hCG »©bGh ¢SÉ°SCG Óa zøjó«©°ùdG áÑq b{ º°SÉH Ék «q dÉM áÑq ≤dG ∞jô©J Éeq CG .øjOÉ©°ùdG áÑq ≤H
the mausoleum that was .¬d »îjQÉJ
q
abandoned since the 15th century. He used to exhibit his mon- 1
6 20
keys in the souks of Baalbeck. The name Qubbat as-Saeedain
(the Cupola of the blissful two), which is used by many locals, has á«fÉehôdG áHGƒÑdG - 3
no real or even historic proof. 7 8
2 ≈∏Yh ,zá©∏≤dG{2 øe »Hô¨dG ∫ɪ°ûdG ≈dG
18
22 3 21
17
17 19 Ωƒ≤J ,ájôµ°ù©dG
3 áæµãdG øe áHô≤e
3- City Gate
9 17 ÉjÉ≤H17øe »gh ,áæ°üëe
q ᪫¶Y áHGƒHq
áæjóªdÉH §«ëJ âfÉc »àdG äÉæ«°üëàdG
4 .»fÉehôdG Égô°üY »a
23 4
Northwest of the Acropo-
lis near the army bar-
racks lay the remains of
11 13
IôàØdG Qƒ°S ÉjÉ≤H -4
a Roman city gate, part ᣫ°SƒdG
of the fortifications that 1
surrounded the city. ô°ü©dG ∫ÓN ∂dPh »fÉehôdG Qƒ°ùdG ÉjÉ≤H ≈∏Y6 ¬FGõLG
20 ¢†©H »a Qƒ°ùdG Gòg1 »æHo
5 .∂«dɪªdG ô°üY »a äɪ«eôàdG ¢†©H ¬«∏Y âjôLG óbh .»Hƒj’G 6

4- Remains of the Medieval Wall

14
7 8
18 7 8
10 22 17 21
12 19 22 21
The Medieval Wall was built during the Ayoubid period over the 17 17 17
9 17
17
remains of the Roman Wall of the city. It was then restored during 9 17
the Mamluke period.
10m 50m 100m
23 15
23

5- Qubbat
Douris
11 13
11 13

At the southern 5entrance

of town is the site of an 5 14 ¢SQhO áÑb - 5
octagonal structure com- 14
posed of eight Roman ô°ü©dG ≈dG íjô°†dG Gòg ïjQÉJ ™Lôj
granite columns. Built 10 12 á«fɪK ¥ƒa áÑb ¬d âfÉch »Hƒj’G
during the 13th century, 10 ™≤Jh .ôªM’G12â«fGô¨dG øe IóªYCG
it was originally covered ,»HƒæédG áæjóªdG πNóe QÉ°ùj ≈∏Y
with a cupola and held IôeÉY Ωƒ«dG âëÑ°UG á≤£æe »a
an Ayoubid tomb.
10m 50m 100m
≈°†e Ée »a âfÉc ¿G ó©Hh ,äÉjÉæÑdÉH
10m 50m 100m
.»fÉehôdG ô°ü©dG ≈dG É¡dƒ°UCG Oƒ©J ᪫¶Y áfÉÑq L
 2
3
Around the Town
∂Ñ∏©H AÉëfG »a ádƒL
4

6- The Great Mosque ô«ÑµdG …ƒe’G ™eÉédG - 6

In front of the Acropolis øe ¥ô°ûdG ≈dG ™eÉédG Gòg Ωƒ≤j
entrance, this mosque 1
6 20 ƒ¡H øe ∞dq CÉàjh ô«ÑµdG óÑ©ªdG πNóe
dates from the 7th-8th ¢VƒM ¬£°Sƒàjh ¥GhQ ¬H §«ëj ™Hq ôe
centuries of the Umayy- ∞dCÉàJh .Ék ÑÑq ≤e ≈°†e Ée »a ¿Éc ,AÉe
ad period. Built on what 7 8 ±ƒØ°U áKÓK øe ¬«a IÓ°üdG áYÉb
was the site of the Ro-
22 21
18 øe É¡fÉé«J ™e â∏≤fo óbh IóªY’G øe
man forum and later a 17
17 19 .IQhÉéªdG á«fÉehôdG ≈æÑo dGh óHÉ©ªdG
Byzantine church dedi- 9 17 17 äÉjGóH ≈dG ™Lô«a ¬FÉæH ïjQÉJ ÉeCG
2
cated to St. John, the 3 πF’ódG ¢†©H ô«°ûJh ,…ƒe’G ó¡©dG
mosque re-uses granite áMÉ°ùdG ™bƒe »a º«bCG ¬fG ≈dG ájq ôK’G
and limestone columns. 23 ¢ùjó≤dGá°ù«æcºKøeháeÉ©dGá«fÉehôdG
There is a square mina- 4
.á«£fõ«ÑdG zÉæMƒj{
ret in the Northwest corner of the courtyard.
11 13

7- The Temple of Venus 5

2 14
zIôgõdG{ óÑ©e - 7
1 3
[Please refer to the Baal- 6 20 ìô°ûdGh á∏°üتdG á£jôîdG ™LGQ 16
beck site map, 10 number 13 ºbQ
12
13].

8- Old Shiite
7 84
18 ºjób óé°ùe - 8
Mosque
22 17 21
17 19
10m 50m
9100m 17 ¢TƒaôM ∫BG AGôeG ΩÉjG ≈dG ¬FÉæH Oƒ©jh
17 15
™HÉ°ùdG ¿ô≤dG »a ∂Ñ∏©H GƒªµM øjòdG
This Mosque was built .ô°ûY
by the Harfouch family 23 1
who ruled Baalbeck dur- 6 20
ing the 17th century.
11 13
7 8 ¿ÉîdG
18
¿Éà°ùH - 9
22 17 21
17 19
5 9 17 âØ°ûc óbh á©∏≤dG ܃æL
17 ≈dG ™≤j
14 ≈dG Oƒ©J ÉjÉ≤H øY ¬«a Ö«≤æàdG ∫ɪYG
9- Boustan al Khan
.á«fÉehôdG á«q æjóªdG äBÉ°ûæªdG ¢†©H 16
23 º«eôJ iôL »àdG ÉjÉ≤ÑdG √òg ø«H øeh
10 12 ó≤à©jo ôNBG AÉæHh äÉeɪq ëdG ,É¡°†©H
To the south of the äÉYɪàLÓd Ék °ü°üîe ¿Éc ¬fCÉH
temples are important 11 13 .áeÉ©dG
remains of public baths, 10m 50m 100m
15
a market, and probably a
bouleuterion, or 5assem-
bly place. 14

10 12

10m 50m 100m

 7 8

Around the Town

22 17 21
17 17
∂Ñ∏©H AÉëfG »a ádƒL 9

10- Quarries
23
2
3 á«fÉehôdG ™dÉ≤ªdG - 10
13
At the southern entrance ÉgôéM IOƒéH ∂Ñ∏©H 11 »MGƒ°V RÉàªJ
of the town is a quarry 4 äÉ°SÉ«≤H ¬©£b øe ¿ÉehôdG øµq e …òdG
where the stones used øeh .¬ààØJ øe ±ƒN ɪfhO Iô«Ñc
in the temples were cut. 5 ÅÑæoJ ∫GõJ Ée »àdG ™dÉ≤ªdG ø«H
A huge block, considered óæY ™≤j ™∏≤e ,º¡JQóbh º¡JQÉ¡ªH 14
the largest hewn stone Qƒ¡°ûe ƒgh ,»HƒæédG áæjóªdG πNóe
in the world, still sits 10 21 ¬dƒW ≠∏Ñj Ék ª«¶Y Gk ôéM ¬FGƒàMÉH
where it was cut almost 1
20
¬YÉØJQGh .Ω 4,812¬°VôY §°Sƒàehq .Ω
2,000 years ago. Called 6 »dGƒM ≈dG ¬fRh π°üj ɪ«a .Ω 4,2
the “Stone of the Preg- .z≈∏ÑëdG ôéM{ ¬d ∫É≤j ,øW 1000
nant Woman,” it is 21.5
7 8
10m ,z∫É«q µdG{ á∏q ëe »a ôNBG ™∏≤e ∑Éægh
50m 100m

m x 4.8 m x 4.2 meters 18 ,áæjóªdG øe »Hô¨dG ܃æédG ≈dG

in size and weighs an estimated 1,000 tons. There is another 22 .¢üªMh
17 ∂Ñ∏©H21¢SCGQ √ÉéJÉH19´É≤ÑdG π¡°S ôÑ©J »àdG ≥jô£dG IGPÉëªH
quarry at Al Kiyyal, southwest of town, beyond Qubbat Douris. 17 17
9 17

23

11- Roman Tombs á«fÉehQ øaGóe - 11

11 13
Excavated in the limestone cliff overlooking the city, these …ôî°üdG ±ôédG »a ÉgôØM ºJ ób
tombs were part of the necropolis of Baalbeck during the Ro- πµ°ûJ »gh ∂Ñ∏©H ≈∏Y ±ô°ûªdG
5 Byzantine era.
man period and were still in use during the IôàØdG »a ∂Ñ∏©H øaGóe øe Gk AõL
12- Qubbat al-Amjad
14 .á«fÉehôdG

10
óée’G áÑb - 12
On Sheikh Abdallah Hill are the remains of the Zawiya-Mosque 12
and tomb of Sheikh ‘Abdallah al-Younini, built under the rule of ≈∏Y áaô°ûªdG zˆGóÑY ï«°ûdG{ á∏q J ≈∏Y
Al-Amjad, grand nephew of Saladin and governor of Baalbeck ∞dCÉàJ áÑb ,܃æédG á¡L øe ∂Ñ∏©H
between 1182 and 1230. It was constructed of stones from the 10m 50m 100m á∏àdG ±ô©oJ …òdG z»æ«fƒ«dG ˆGóÑY{ ï«°ûdG ôÑb É¡«ah ,ájhGRh ô«¨°U óé°ùe øe 15
neighboring temple of Mercury. ìÓ°U{ ó«ØM z√É°T ΩGô¡H óée’G ∂∏ªdG{ ΩÉjCG »a áÑ≤dG √òg ⪫bCG óbh .¬ª°SÉH
13&14- Mercury Temple
øe â«æHo h ,OÓ«ª∏d 1230 h 1182 »eÉY ø«H ∂Ñ∏©H »dho …òdG ,z»Hƒj’G øjódG
.Öjô≤dG zOQÉ£Y{o πµ«g IQÉéM
Built during the Roman period over an earlier temple dedicated zOQÉ£Y{ πµ«g - 14h13
to the tutelary God of the city and protector of the crops and
herds. The remains of the temple (14) are accessible through a ¬dG IOÉÑ©d Ék °Sôq µe ¿Éc ºjób óÑ©e ¢VÉ≤fG ≈∏Y »fÉehôdG ô°ü©dG »a óÑ©ªdG Gòg »æH
stairway carved in the bedrock (13). Oƒ©°üdG ºàj ¿Éch .¿É©£≤dGh ´QõdG áHƒ°üN ≈∏Y ±ô°ûj ¿Éc …òdG »∏q ëªdG ∂Ñ∏©H
ôî°üdG »a QƒØëe êQO ôÑY ¬«dG
.IôgÉX ¬FGõLG ¢†©H ∫GõJ Ée
 7 8
22 21
Around the Town
17
17 17
9 17
∂Ñ∏©H AÉëfG »a ádƒL
23
15- Ras El-Ain
11 13
This ancient spring, now
incorporated into mod-
5 ern Baalbeck, has been
a source of water14 since
antiquity. Here are traces
10 of a Roman shrine and a
12
Nympheum, as well as
remains of a Mamluke
mosque built in 1277.
10m 50m 100m
16-17-18&19 – Ottoman Buldings
All these buildings were erected during the Ottoman period.
They present many aspects of the architecture of this epoch.
20- The House of Ibrahim Haidar
This traditional Ottoman
house, built by Ibrahim
Bek Haidar, is today the
property of the General
Directorate of Antiqui-
ties.
5 ∞°üædG »a á«æ«°ùM ≈dG ∫ƒëJ óbh ô°ûY ™°SÉàdG ¿ô≤dG ≈dG ∫õæªdG Gòg AÉæH Oƒ©j
21- The House of
10
Habib Pasha
el-Moutran 10m 50m
Built during the 19th
century, this house was
transformed into a Shi-
ite Mosque during the
second half of the 20th
century.
18
19
ø«©dG ¢SCGQ - 15
܃æédG ≈dG zø«©dG ¢SCGQ{ ™Ñf ™≤j
Ée »a ¿Éch ,áæjóªdG øe »bô°ûdG
áæjóªdG äÉLÉ«àMG ¢†©H øeDƒj ≈°†e
zêƒé∏dG ™Ñf{ ÖfÉL ≈dG ,√É«ªdG øe
16 ßØàëj ¬£«ëe ∫Gõj Éeh .ô«¡°ûdG
2
3 QGõe ÉjÉ≤H É¡æeh ,ájôK’G ≈æÑo dG ¢†©ÑH
»àdG ∂«eGóªdG ¢†©Hh ô«¨°U »fÉehQ
»àdG äGõ«¡éàdG øe Gk AõL πµq °ûJ âfÉc
4
≈∏Yh .√É«ªdG êQÉîe §Ñ°†d ⪫bG
15 ó¡Y øe ™eÉL ∫ÓWCG ™ÑædG øe áHô≤e
.1277 ΩÉY »æHo ,∂«dɪªdG
1 9h18 - 17 - 16
6 20 á«fɪã©dG IôàØdG øe äƒH
IôàØdG ∫ÓN á«æH’G ∂∏J áaÉc AÉæH ºJ
7 8
18 øe IójóY ¬LhG ô¡¶J »gh á«fɪã©dG
22 17 21
19
.IôàØdG ∂∏J »a IQɪ©dG øa
17 17
9 17
Qó«M º«gGôHG ∫õæe - 20
23 ¬àµ∏ªJ »fɪã©dG RGô£dG øe â«H
AɪYR óMG øe QÉKBÓd áeÉ©dG ájôjóªdG
.Qó«M ∂«H º«gGôHG ƒgh ∂Ñ∏©H
11 13
¿Gô£ªdG É°TÉH Ö«ÑM ∫õæe - 21
14 .øjô°û©dG ¿ô≤dG øe »fÉãdG
16
12
100m
15
 2
3

Around the Town

∂Ñ∏©H AÉëfG »a ádƒL 4

22 – Churches 2 ¢ùFÉæc - 22
3
During the early 20th 1
6
AÉæH20ºJ øjô°û©dG ¿ô≤dG äÉjGóH »a
century two churches »gh ≈dh’G ,™bƒªdG Gòg »a ø«à°ù«æc
were built in this area, 4 Ωhô∏d ¢Sƒ«LQhÉL ¢ùjó≤dG á°ù«æc
the Orthodox Church of 7 8 Ió«°ùdG á°ù«æc á«fÉãdGh ¢ùchPƒKQ’G
St. Georges and the Ma-
22 21
18 .áfQGƒª∏d
ronite church dedicated 17 19
17 17
to the Virgin Mary. 9 17

1
6 20
23

7 813
11
18

23 – The Palmyra Hotel and

22 17 21
17 19

the Roman Theatre

9 17 ìô°ùªdGh Gô«ªdÉH 17
¥óæa - 23
5 »fÉehôdG
14
During the early 20th 23 äÉjGóH »a Gô«ªdÉÑdG ¥óæa º«bG
century, the Palmyra Ho- 10 ìô°ùªdG ¢VÉ≤fG ≈∏Y øjô°û©dG ¿ô≤dG
12
tel was built over the re- ¢†©H13∫GõJ Éeh ∂Ñ∏©H »a »fÉehôdG
mains of the Roman the- 11 »a IôgÉX áªî°†dG ìô°ùªdG IQÉéM
atre of the city. Parts of .ΩÉ©dG ≥jô£dG ≈∏Y π£ªdG QGóédG
the theatre’s stones are 10m 50m 100m
5 north-
still visible in the
ern wall of the hotel fac- 14
ing the main street.
10 12

10m 50m 100m

Most of the text is taken from: : øe ¢Uƒ°üædG º¶©e äòNCG

● The pamphlet “BAALBECK,” text: Elian Larwood, Marilyn Raschka,
Dr. Hassan Salamé-Sarkis, © The Ministry of Tourism.
.áMÉ«°ùdG IQGRh äGQƒ°ûæe ,¢ù«cô°S ¬eÓ°S ¿É°ùMq QƒàcódG ¢üf ,z∂Ñ∏©H{ ¢SGôq c ●
Maps & text compilation: Assaad Seif. .∞«°S ó©°SCG :¢Uƒ°üædG ≥«°ùæJ h §FGôîdG OGóYEG
www.DestinationLebanon.com
 Glossary
Acropolis: Any archaeological or non archaeological
agglomeration of buildings or structures that is
situated on an elevated (geographic/topographic)
platform.

Altar: Raised platform or structure where sacrifices

are offered and religious rites are performed.

Apse: Semi-circular area at east end of a church,

often with a domed or vaulted roof.

Basilica: Large church.

Battlement: A parapet or wall around a fort or castle,

with indentations or embrasures
(slanted openings) for shooting through.

Colonnade: A set of evenly spaced columns.

Cupola: Dome.

Entablature: The part of a classical temple above the columns,

consisting of an architrave (horizontal beam), a frieze
(a horizontal band of decorations or carvings),
and a cornice (a horizontal molding).

Exedra: A semi-circular extension of a structure (usually the

colonnade), furnished with seats on which people
usually sat to talk about philosophy and other important
subjects. In private houses, the exedra was a room
intended for conversation, fitted with a bench running
round the wall.

Heliopolis: The City of the Sun.

Mausoleum: Large, stately tomb.

Minaret: A tall, slender tower attached to a Mosque with one or

more balconies, used to broadcast the call to prayers.

Niche: A recess in a wall, often containing a statue,

bust, or vase.

Nympheum: A monumental fountain.

Podium: A raised platform that supports a colonnade or wall.

Portico: Covered walkway in the form of a roof supported by

columns or pillars.

Propylaea: A temple-like porch at the entrance of a temple

enclosure.

Qal’at: Citadel, fort.

Qubbat: Refer to Cupola.

Tell: Artificial, manmade hill.