Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Content
Technology
thermodynamic trends and drivers
core components
Future requirements
Market developments
Page 2
Nov 2010
Nov 2010
Figures in net MW
SGT5-8000H
375
SGT5-4000F
287
SGT6-8000H
266
Industrial Turbines
SGT6-5000F
SGT5-2000E
SGT6-2000E
SGT-800
SGT-700
SGT-600
SGT-500
SGT-400
SGT-300
SGT-200
SGT-100
Page 4
198
168
113
47
31
25
17
13
8
7
5
Nov 2010
SGT-100-1S
47
SGT-800
30
SGT-700
SGT-600
25
SGT-500
17
SGT-400
13
SGT-300
8
SGT-200 7
SGT-100 5
SGT-100-2S
SGT-200-2S
SGT-200-1S
SGT-300
SGT-400
SGT-500
Page 5
SGT-600
Nov 2010
SGT-700
SGT-800
Pumping
An SGT-100
generating set is
installed on Norske
Shell's Troll Field
platform in the
North Sea
Thirty SGT-200
driven pump sets
on the OZ2 pipeline
operated by
Sonatrach, Algeria
Page 6
Nov 2010
Compression
Two SGT-700
driven Siemens
compressors for
natural gas
liquefaction plant
owned by UGDC
at Port Said,
Egypt.
CHP
Comb. Cycle
An SGT-800 CHP
plant for InfraServ
Bavernwerks
chemical plant in
Gendork,
Germany.
Two SGT-400
generating sets
operating in
cogeneration/
combined cycle
for BIEP at BPs
Bulwer Island
refinery, Australia
FUEL
COMBUSTION
EXHAUST
COMPRESSION
Continuous
Intermittent
AIR/FUEL INTAKE
Page 7
COMPRESSION
Nov 2010
COMBUSTION
EXHAUST
Vibration
Rotating parts mean vibration
free operation requiring simple
foundations
Fuel flexibility
Dual fuel capability
Burn Lean gases (high N2 or
CO2 mixtures)
Varying calorific values
Emissions
Very low emissions of NOx
Page 8
Nov 2010
Brayton Cycle
1-2
2-3
3-4
(in single shaft approx 2/3 of turbine work is used to drive the compressor)
Copyright Siemens AG 2009. All rights reserved.
Energy Sector
Nov 2010
Page 9
1
Simple cycle efficiency = 1
P1
P2
( 1) /
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Pressure Ratio
Page 10
Nov 2010
Engine Cycle:
The Real Engine
Deviations from Ideal Cycle
Real Efficiencies
Nov 2010
42.0
22
41.0
20
40.0
18
39.0
PRESSURE
RATIO
16
38.0
14
37.0
1300C
1350C
1400C
1450C
1250C
36.0
1200C
FIRING TEMPERATURE
35.0
280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480
Shaft Specific Output (kJ/kg)
Increase Pressure ratio and firing temperatures for higher simple cycle efficiencies
Page 12
Nov 2010
Design Drivers :
Low Specific Fuel Consumption
Higher Pressure Ratios
Increased Cycle Efficiency
Increased number of compressor / turbine stages and
therefore cost
Complex Cycles
Increased Cycle Efficiency and/or Specific Power
Can impact operability, cost and reliability
Higher Firing Temperature
Requires increased sophistication of cooling systems
Can impact life and reliability and combustor emissions
Page 13
Nov 2010
Design Drivers :
Availabilty, Cost and Emissions
High reliability.
Moderates the trend to increase firing temperature and cycle
complexity.
Low Emissions (Driven by environmental legislation)
More difficult to achieve with high firing temperatures and
combustion pressures
Lowest possible cost.
Encourages smallest possible frame size, i.e. high specific
power high firing temperature.
Reduced Pressure ratios (< 20:1) to avoid auxiliary fuel
compression costs
Nov 2010
Future
Machines
SGT-400
SGT-300
TB
TD
TG
TF
TE
TA
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
1300
ttiioo
RRaa
rree
u
u
s
s
es
Pr
1200
urree
t
aatu
eerr
mpp
eem
T
T
g
1100
inng
FFiir
1000
900
800
Firing Temperature C
Pressure Ratio
3CT
Centrifugal Compr.
SGT-100
SGT-200
700
1950
1960
1970
1980
YEAR
Year
2000
Nov 2010
Page 15
1990
Engine Trends:
Thermal Efficiency
40
SGT-400
38
300
36
34
250
SGT-100
32
SGT-200
200
150 TB5000
30
350
28
26
100
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
24
2005
Year
Dramatic impact of increased TET and pressure ratio over last 25 years:
Page 16
Product Evolution
SGT-300
Introduced 1995
7,900 kWe 30.5% eff
TA
Introduced 1952
750kW
17.6% eff
Developed to 1,860kW
Page 17
Nov 2010
Single Shaft
Expansion through a single series of
turbine stages.
Power transmitted through rotor
driving the compressor and torque at
the output shaft
Twin Shaft
Expansion over 2 series of
turbines.
Compressor Turbine (CT)
provides power for compressor
Useful output power provided by
free Power Turbine (PT)
Page 18
Nov 2010
Compressor
Page 19
Combustion
system
Nov 2010
Gas Generator
Turbine
Power
Turbine
Combustion
10
Environmental Aspects
Pollutants and Control
Pollutant
Effect
Method of Control
Carbon Dioxide
Greenhouse gas
Cycle Efficiency
Carbon Monoxide
Poisonous
DLE System
Sulphur Oxides
Acid Rain
Fuel Treatment
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone Depletion
Smog
Poisonous
Greenhouse gas
Visible pollution
DLE System
Hydrocarbons
Smoke
DLE System
DLE System
Page 21
Nov 2010
Diffusion flame
Produces high combustor primary zone temperatures, and as NOx is a
function of temperature, results in high thermal NOx formation
Use of wet injection directly into the primary zone to lower combustion
temperature and hence lower NOx formation
Nov 2010
11
Combustion
NOx Formation
1000
100
10
1
0.1
Diffusion Flame
0.01
0.001
Lean Pre-mix
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
2500
Flame Temperature [ K ]
Nov 2010
Combustion
NOx Formation
Flame Temperature as a function of Air/Fuel ratio
Diffusion flame reaction
zone temperature
Lean burn
Flame
temperature
Diffusion flame
Lean Pre-mixed
(DLE/DLN)
Lean
Page 24
Nov 2010
Stoichiometric
FAR
Rich
12
Combustor Configuration
NOx product is a function of temperature
Diffusion
Combustion
- high primary zone
temperature
Cooling
Dry Low
Emissions
Combustion
-low peak temperature
achieved with lean
pre-mix combustion
Page 25
Nov 2010
Liquid
Core
Pilot
Burner
Main Burner
Radial
Swirler
Main Gas
Injection
Igniter
Pilot Gas
Injection
Pre Chamber
Air
Gas/Air
Mix
Gas
Air
Double Skin
Impingement
Cooled Combustor
Page 26
Nov 2010
13
BLOCK
VALVE
MAIN FLOW
CONTROL
VALVE
MAIN
MANIFOLD
BLEED
VALVE
PILOT
MANIFOLD
PILOT FLOW
CONTROL
VALVE
Page 27
Nov 2010
Combustion
DLE Lean Premix System
Key to success
good mixing of fuel and air
multiple injection ports around swirler
Page 28
Nov 2010
14
Page 29
Nov 2010
Experience
Stable load accept/reject
Daily profile for unit running more than 8000hrs DLE operation on liquid fuel.
kW
Daily variations
Load Shed and Accept
Page 30
Nov 2010
15
3.5
Other gas
High Hydrogen
Refinery Gases
Associated Gas
37
49
65
LPG
Siemens Diffusion
IPG Ceramics
Off-shore lean
Well head gas
Operating
Experience
10
20
Normal
30
40
50
Wobbe Index (MJ/Nm)
60
SIT Ltd.
Definition
70
Nov 2010
Page 31
50
UK Natural Gas
45
CO2
N2
Wobbe MJ/m
40
35
Medium CV Fuel
30
MCV
Rangedevelopment
Definition
25
20
15
10
5
LCV Burner
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Nov 2010
16
Sewage gas
standard burner
Gasified Biomass
Special Diffusion
burner
10
Landfill gas
Special
Diffusion
burner
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Nov 2010
Turbine
17
Minimised loss
optimum pitch/width ratio
across whole span.
low loading
High speed
Nov 2010
Aerodynamics
High Load Turbine
Nov 2010
18
Nov 2010
Page 38
Nov 2010
19
Aerofoil
Fillets
Nov 2010
Page 39
6000
EO18
EO19
EO17
mode 6
EO11
EO10
3000
mode 4
EO9
mode 3
EO6
2000
mode 2
1000
mode 1
0
15000
15500
Iteration 3 version 10
Page 40
100%
4000
105%
mode 5
95%
Frequency (Hz)
5000
Nov 2010
EO3
16000
16500
17000
17500
18000
18500
19000
19500
20000
D G Palmer 3-8-01
20
Large LE radius
minimise stagnation htc
thick trailing edge thickness
and large wedge angle for
cooling
thickness distribution to suit
cooling passages.
Minimise gas washed
surface.
Page 41
Nov 2010
Page 42
Nov 2010
21
Impingement
Cooling
Film
Cooling
Turbulators
Cast 2 Vane
Segment
Page 43
Nov 2010
Trailing Edge
Ejection
Nov 2010
22
Page 45
Nov 2010
Page 46
Nov 2010
23
Design
Assess
evaluation
and
calibration
of methods
Prototype
Test
Nov 2010
Page 47
Compressor Blade
Stator stages S1& S2
Rotor stages R1 & R2
Aerodynamic modifications to
compressor and turbine.
HP Rotor blade
SX4 material
Triple fin shroud
Step Tip seal
Mechanical Drive,
5.7MW
(previously 4.9MW)
Page 48
Nov 2010
24
Nov 2010
Page 50
Nov 2010
25
Page 51
Nov 2010
Nov 2010
26
Page 53
Nov 2010
SGT-400
New Package Design
Minimised customer interfaces reducing contract execution/installation costs
1
1
On-Skid Controls
Interfaces
2
3
4
5
Nov 2010
27
Future direction
Future Trends
- guided by market requirements
Universal demand for further increases in efficiency and reliability, and
reduction in cost.
Oil & Gas (Mech drive and Power Gen)
Fuel flexibility
- associated gases, off-gases, sour gas
Remote operation
Emissions
-inc CO2
Independent Power Generation
Fuel flexibility
- syngas, biofuels(?), LPG
Flexible operation
- part load operation
Distributed cogeneration (rather than centralised generation)
Emissions
- inc CO2
Page 56
Nov 2010
28
Nov 2010
Power Generation
re-emergence of cogeneration
WATER
GRID
FUEL
BOILER
OR
DRIER
PRODUCT / STEAM
~
Page 58
Nov 2010
29
Thank You
Page 59
Nov 2010
30