Chapter 5

More Applications of Newton’ s Laws

n n
Motion

F
fs F fk

mg mg
(a) (b)

| f|

Figure 5.1
fs,max :
(a ) Th e force of static friction f s between a trash can
:
and a concrete patio is opposite the applied force F .
Th e magnitude of the force of static friction equals that
F
f s= of the applied force. (b ) When the magnitude of the
fk = µkn applied force exceeds the magnitude of the force of
:
kin etic friction f k, the trash can accelerates to the
right. (c ) A graph of the magnitude of the friction
F
0 force versus that of the applied force. I n our model, the
Static region Kinetic region
force of kin etic friction is independent of the applied
force and the relative speed of the sur faces. Note that
(c) fs,max fk.
 F IGURE 5.2 (Quick Quiz
5.3) A father tries to slide his
daughter on a sled over snow
30° F
by (a) pushing downward on
F
30° her shoulders or (b) pulling
upward on a rope attached
(a) (b) to the sled. Which is easier?

Gantry

Bow of ship

"Umbilical cord"

Oil rig
Oil rig stops
Oil rig moves toward abyss short of edge
Abyss

Abyss

"Umbilical cord" is almost "Umbilical cord" is almost

horizontal vertical

(a) (b) (c)

F I G U R E 5.3 (Thinking Physics 5.1) An oil rig at the bottom of the ocean is dragged by a cable.
 n

fk

g
mg
F I G U R E 5.4 (Example 5.1) A truck skids to a stop.
 y
n

f x

mg sin θ
mg cos θ
θ

mg θ

F I G U R E 5.5 (Example 5.2) A block

on an adjustable incline is used to
determine the coefficients of friction.
 n
4.0 kg

4.0 kg
fk T

7.0 kg m 1g
(a) (b)

7.0 kg

m 2g
(c)

F I G U R E 5.6 (Example 5.3) (a) Two objects connected by

a light string that passes over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-
body diagram for the sliding cube. (c) Free-body diagram
for the hanging ball.

y
a
n

fk

d mg sin θ

mg cos θ θ x
θ

mg
(a) (b)

F I G U R E 5.7 (Example 5.4) (a) A crate of mass m slides down an incline. (b) Free-body diagram for the sliding crate.
 m
Fr

Fr

F I G U R E 5.8 Overhead view of a ball

moving in a circular path in a horizontal
:
plane. A force F r directed toward the center
of the circle keeps the ball moving in its
circular path.
r

Figure 5.9
An overhead view of a ball moving in a
circular path in a horizontal plane.
When the string breaks, the ball
moves in the direction tangent to the
circular path.
 (© Tom Carroll/Index Stock Imagery/PictureQuest)

F I G U R E 5.10
(Quick Quiz 5.4) A Ferris
wheel located on Navy Pier in Chicago,
Illinois.
 L
θ T cos θ
T θ

r
T sin θ

mg mg
F I G U R E 5.11(Example 5.6) The conical pendulum
and its free-body diagram.
 fs

(a)

fs

mg
(b)

F I G U R E 5.12 (Interactive Example 5.7) (a) The

force of static friction directed toward the
center of the curve keeps the car moving in a
circular path. (b) Free-body diagram for the
car.
 n θ ny

θ
Fg

F I G U R E 5.13 (Interactive Example 5.8)

A car rounding a curve on a road banked
at an angle to the horizontal. In the
absence of friction the force that causes
the centripetal acceleration and keeps the
car moving in its circular path is the
horizontal component of the normal
force.
 n bot
Top

F I G U R E 5.14 (Example 5.9) (a) An

aircraft executes a loop-the-loop
maneuver as it moves in a vertical
circle at constant speed. (b) Free-
body diagram for the pilot at the
bottom of the loop. In this position,
the pilot experiences a force from
ntop the seat that is larger than his weight.
mg mg (c) Free-body diagram for the pilot at
the top of the loop. Here the force
(b) (c)
from the seat could be smaller than
his weight or larger, depending on
Bottom the speed of the aircraft.
(a)
 F

Fr

Ft
Figure 5.15
When the net force acting on a
particle moving in a circular path has
:
a tangential component vector Ft ,
its speed changes. The total force on
the particle also has a component
:
vector Fr directed toward the
F I G U R E 5.16
(Quick Quiz 5.6) A bead
center of the circular path. Therefore,
slides along a curved wire. : : :
the total force is F Fr Ft.
 vtop

mg
Ttop
R

O O

T T bot
θ

FIGURE 5.17 (Example 5.10) (a) Forces

v bot
acting on a sphere of mass m connected to a
mg sin θ
mg cos θ θ cord of length R and rotating in a vertical
mg circle centered at O. (b) Forces acting on the
sphere when it is at the top and bottom of the
mg circle. The tension has its maximum value at
(a) (b) the bottom and its minimum value at the top.
 R

mg

(a)

vT

0.632vT

(b)

Figure 5.18
(a) A small sphere falling through a
viscous fluid. (b) The speed – time
graph for an object falling through
a viscous medium. The object
approaches a terminal speed vT, and
the time constant is the time
interval required to reach 0.632vT.
 R

mg

vT

mg

F I G U R E 5.19 An object falling

through air experiences a resistive
:
drag force R and a gravitational force
: :
F g m g . The object reaches terminal
speed (on the right) when the net
force acting on it is zero, that is, when
: :
R F g , or R mg. Before that
occurs, the acceleration varies with
speed according to Equation 5.9.
 (Jump Run Productions/Image Bank)

FIGURE 5.20 (Quick Quiz 5.7)

A sky surfer takes advantage of the
m1 r
Fg

–Fg

m2

F I G U R E 5.21 Two particles with

masses m1 and m2 attract each other
with a force of magnitude Gm1m2/r2.

r Fe
+
q2
+
q1
Fe (a)

–
q2
Fe

Fe
+
q1
(b)

F I G U R E 5.22 Two point charges

separated by a distance r exert an
electrostatic force on each other given
by Coulomb’s law. (a) When the
charges are of the same sign, the
charges repel each other. (b) When
the charges are of opposite sign, the
charges attract each other.
 (Mike Powell/Getty Images)

θ Figure P5.3

Figure P5.8
5.00 kg

22.0° 22.0°

9.00 kg Figure P5.4

Figure P5.10
50.0°
T m2
m1 F
P

Figure P5.13
Figure P5.11

1.00 kg

4.00 kg 2.00 kg

Figure

Figure P5.19
 2.00 m

3.00 m

2.00 m

Figure P5.20

Figure P5.22
(Frank Cezus/FPG International)

Figure P5.24
 (a)

Fr F
Ft
Fr
F
Ft
Ft

(b)

Figure QQA.5.6