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UnderstandingVectorGroupofTransformer(part1)|EEP

UnderstandingVectorGroupofTransformer(1)

Understanding Vector Group of Transformer

Introduction
Threephasetransformerconsistsofthreesetsofprimarywindings,oneforeachphase,andthreesetsof
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secondarywindingswoundonthesameironcore.
Separatesinglephasetransformerscanbeusedandexternallyinterconnectedtoyieldthesameresultsasa3
phaseunit.
Theprimarywindingsareconnectedinoneofseveralways.Thetwomostcommonconfigurationsarethedelta,in
whichthepolarityendofonewindingisconnectedtothenonpolarityendofthenext,andthestar,inwhichall
threenonpolarities(orpolarity)endsareconnectedtogether.Thesecondarywindingsareconnectedsimilarly.This
meansthata3phasetransformercanhaveitsprimaryandsecondarywindingsconnectedthesame(deltadeltaor
starstar),ordifferently(deltastarorstardelta).

Itsimportanttorememberthatthesecondaryvoltagewaveformsareinphasewiththeprimarywaveforms
whentheprimaryandsecondarywindingsareconnectedthesameway.Thisconditioniscallednophase
shift.

Butwhentheprimaryandsecondarywindingsareconnecteddifferently,thesecondaryvoltagewaveformswilldiffer
fromthecorrespondingprimaryvoltagewaveformsby30electricaldegrees.Thisiscalleda30degreephaseshift.
Whentwotransformersareconnectedinparallel,theirphaseshiftsmustbeidenticalifnot,ashortcircuitwilloccur
whenthetransformersareenergized.

BasicIdeaofWinding
Anacvoltageappliedtoacoilwillinduceavoltageinasecondcoilwherethetwoarelinkedbyamagneticpath.
Thephaserelationshipofthetwovoltagesdependsuponwhichwaysroundthecoilsareconnected.Thevoltages
willeitherbeinphaseordisplacedby180degree.
When3coilsareusedina3phasetransformerwindinganumberofoptionsexist.Thecoilvoltagescanbeinphase
ordisplacedasabovewiththecoilsconnectedinstarordeltaand,inthecaseofastarwinding,havethestarpoint
(neutral)broughtouttoanexternalterminalornot.
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SixWaystowireStarWinding:

Six Ways to wire Star Winding

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SixWaystowireDeltaWinding:

Six Ways to wire Delta Winding

Polarity
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AnACvoltageappliedtoacoilwillinduceavoltageinasecondcoilwherethetwoarelinkedbyamagneticpath.
Thephaserelationshipofthetwovoltagesdependsuponwhichwayroundthecoilsareconnected.Thevoltages
willeitherbeinphaseordisplacedby180deg.
When3coilsareusedina3phasetransformerwindinganumberofoptionsexist.Thecoilvoltagescanbeinphase
ordisplacedasabovewiththecoilsconnectedinstarordeltaand,inthecaseofastarwinding,havethestarpoint
(neutral)broughtouttoanexternalterminalornot.

Additive and substractive polarity of transformer

WhenPairofCoilofTransformerhavesamedirectionthanvoltageinducedinbothcoilareinsamedirectionfrom
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oneendtootherend.WhentwocoilhaveoppositewindingdirectionthanVoltageinducedinbothcoilarein
oppositedirection.

Windingconnectiondesignations
FirstSymbol:forHighVoltage:Alwayscapitalletters.
D=Delta,S=Star,Z=Interconnectedstar,N=Neutral
SecondSymbol:forLowvoltage:AlwaysSmallletters.
d=Delta,s=Star,z=Interconnectedstar,n=Neutral.
ThirdSymbol:Phasedisplacementexpressedastheclockhournumber(1,6,11)
ExampleDyn11
Transformerhasadeltaconnectedprimarywinding(D)astarconnectedsecondary(y)withthestarpointbrought
out(n)andaphaseshiftof30degleading(11).
Thepointofconfusionisoccurringinnotationinastepuptransformer.AstheIEC600761standardhasstated,the
notationisHVLVinsequence.Forexample,astepuptransformerwithadeltaconnectedprimary,andstar
connectedsecondary,isnotwrittenasdY11,butYd11.The11indicatestheLVwindingleadstheHVby30
degrees.
TransformersbuilttoANSIstandardsusuallydonothavethevectorgroupshownontheirnameplateandinsteada
vectordiagramisgiventoshowtherelationshipbetweentheprimaryandotherwindings.

VectorGroupofTransformer
Thethreephasetransformerwindingscanbeconnectedseveralways.Basedonthewindingsconnection,thevector
groupofthetransformerisdetermined.

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ThetransformervectorgroupisindicatedontheNamePlateoftransformerbythemanufacturer.The
vectorgroupindicatesthephasedifferencebetweentheprimaryandsecondarysides,introduceddueto
thatparticularconfigurationoftransformerwindingsconnection.

TheDeterminationofvectorgroupoftransformersisveryimportantbeforeconnectingtwoormoretransformersin
parallel.Iftwotransformersofdifferentvectorgroupsareconnectedinparallelthenphasedifferenceexistbetween
thesecondaryofthetransformersandlargecirculatingcurrentflowsbetweenthetwotransformerswhichisvery
detrimental.

PhaseDisplacementbetweenHVandLVWindings
Thevectorforthehighvoltagewindingistakenasthereferencevector.Displacementofthevectorsofother
windingsfromthereferencevector,withanticlockwiserotation,isrepresentedbytheuseofclockhourfigure.
IS:2026(Part1V)1977gives26setsofconnectionsstarstar,stardelta,andstarzigzag,deltadelta,deltastar,
deltazigzag,zigzagstar,zigzagdelta.Displacementofthelowvoltagewindingvectorvariesfromzeroto330in
stepsof30,dependingonthemethodofconnections.

Hardlyanypowersystemadoptssuchalargevarietyofconnections.Someofthecommonlyusedconnections
withphasedisplacementof0,300,180and330(clockhoursetting0,1,6and11).
Symbolforthehighvoltagewindingcomesfirst,followedbythesymbolsofwindingsindiminishingsequence
ofvoltage.Forexamplea220/66/11kVTransformerconnectedstar,staranddeltaandvectorsof66and11
kVwindingshavingphasedisplacementof0and330withthereference(220kV)vectorwillberepresented
AsYy0Yd11.
Thedigits(0,1,11etc)relatetothephasedisplacementbetweentheHVandLVwindingsusingaclockface
notation.ThephasorrepresentingtheHVwindingistakenasreferenceandsetat12oclock.Phaserotationis
alwaysanticlockwise.(Internationaladopted).
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Usethehourindicatorastheindicatingphasedisplacementangle.Becausethereare12hoursonaclock,and
acircleconsistsoutof360,eachhourrepresents30.Thus1=30,2=60,3=90,6=180and12=0or
360.
Theminutehandisseton12oclockandreplacesthelinetoneutralvoltage(sometimesimaginary)oftheHV
winding.Thispositionisalwaysthereferencepoint.

Example
Digit0=0thattheLVphasorisinphasewiththeHVphasor
Digit1=30lagging(LVlagsHVwith30)becauserotationisanticlockwise.
Digit11=330laggingor30leading(LVleadsHVwith30)
Digit5=150lagging(LVlagsHVwith150)
Digit6=180lagging(LVlagsHVwith180)
Whentransformersareoperatedinparallelitisimportantthatanyphaseshiftisthesamethrougheach.Paralleling
typicallyoccurswhentransformersarelocatedatonesiteandconnectedtoacommonbusbar(banked)orlocated
atdifferentsiteswiththesecondaryterminalsconnectedviadistributionortransmissioncircuitsconsistingofcables
andoverheadlines.

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PhaseShift
(Deg)

Connection

Yy0

Dd0

Dz0

30lag

Yd1

Dy1

Yz1

60lag

Dd2

Dz2

120lag

Dd4

Dz4

150lag

Yd5

Dy5

Yz5

180lag

Yy6

Dd6

Dz6

150lead

Yd7

Dy7

Yz7

Dd8

Dz8

120lead
60lead
30lead

Dd10
Yd11

Dz10

Dy11

Yz11

ThephasebushingsonathreephasetransformeraremarkedeitherABC,UVWor123(HVsidecapital,LVside
smallletters).Twowinding,threephasetransformerscanbedividedintofourmaincategories
Group

Oclock

TC

GroupI

0oclock,0

delta/delta,star/star

GroupII

6oclock,180

delta/delta,star/star

GroupIII

1oclock,30

star/delta,delta/star

GroupIV

11oclock,+30

star/delta,delta/star

MinusindicatesLVlaggingHV,plusindicatesLV
leadingHV

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ClockNotation0(PhaseShift0)

Clock Notation 0 (Phase Shift 0)

ClockNotation1(PhaseShift30)
Clock Notation 1 (Phase Shift 30)

ClockNotation2(PhaseShift60)
Clock Notation 2 (Phase Shift 60)

ClockNotation4(PhaseDisplacement120)
Clock Notation 4 (Phase Displacement 120)

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ClockNotation5(Phase
Displacement150)

Clock Notation 5 (Phase


Displacement 150)

ClockNotation6(PhaseShift+180)
Clock Notation 6 (Phase Shift
+180)

ClockNotation7(PhaseShift+150)
Clock Notation 7 (Phase Shift
+150)

ClockNotation11(PhaseShift+30)
Clock Notation 11 (Phase Shift
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+30)

Tobecontinued

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Jignesh Parmar
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jiguparmarJigneshParmarhascompletedM.Tech(PowerSystemControl),B.E(Electrical).
HeismemberofInstitutionofEngineers(MIE),India.MembershipNo:M1473586.Hehas
morethan13yearsexperienceinTransmissionDistributionElectricalEnergytheftdetection
ElectricalMaintenanceElectricalProjects(PlanningDesigningTechnicalReviewcoordination
Execution).HeisPresentlyassociatewithoneoftheleadingbusinessgroupasaDeputy
ManageratAhmedabad,India.HehaspublishednumbersofTechnicalArticlesin"Electrical
Mirror","ElectricalIndia","LightingIndia","IndustrialElectrix"(AustralianPowerPublications)
Magazines.HeisFreelancerProgrammerofAdvanceExcelanddesignusefulExcelbase
ElectricalProgramsasperIS,NEC,IEC,IEEEcodes.HeisTechnicalBloggerandFamiliar
withEnglish,Hindi,Gujarati,Frenchlanguages.HewantstoSharehisexperience&Knowledgeandhelptechnical
enthusiaststofindsuitablesolutionsandupdatingthemselvesonvariousEngineeringTopics.

2015EEPElectricalEngineeringPortal.AllRightsReserved|PrivacyPolicy|TermsofService |48queriesin0.233seconds.

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