Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Y. G. Hegazy**
Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz*
*Department of Electrical Power & Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt
** Dean of information engineering and technology faculty, German university in Cairo
Abstract- This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the new
and interesting concept of virtual power plant (VPP). The survey
covers the virtual power plant definitions, components, and
framework and highlights the different techniques that can be
used for VPP operation optimization. Finally, a general
framework for the operation and the optimization of the virtual
power plant is proposed and discussed.
Keywords: Distributed energy resources, Virtual power plant, VPP
framework, optimization.
I. INTRODUCTION
The concept of integrating small generating units in the
power system has attracted great attention in the last few years.
Moreover, distributed generation (DG) plays an important
role in reinforcing the main generating power plants to satisfy
the growing power demand. DG can also be connected or
disconnected easily from the network unlike the main power
plants, thus providing higher flexibility. Properly planned and
operated DG installations have many benefits such as
economic savings due to the decrement of power losses,
higher reliability, and improved power quality.
However, the increased penetration of DG without
harmony between the generating units may lead to increment
of the grid power losses, undesirable voltage profiles,
unreliable operation of the protection devices, and unbalance
between the real consumption and the production. Therefore,
to achieve optimal economical operation of the main network,
DER units should be visible to the system operator.
The negative aspects of increased uncoordinated DG
penetration are the basic motivation for the introduction of
VPP concept. VPP is the aggregation of DG units,
controllable loads and storage devices connected to a certain
cluster in a single imaginative entity responsible for managing
the electrical energy flow within the cluster and in exchange
with the main network. The VPP concept was proposed early
in [1] with its framework. Earlier, DER was installed with a
fit and forget approach and they were not visible to the
system operators. VPP aggregated all DERs into a single
entity through which distributed energy resources (DERs)
Maximization of profit.
Infrastructure
VPP
Microgrid
Components
Features
profit
energy loss
generation cost
voltage deviations
[54]
[61]
Ref.
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
GA
[55]
[44]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
[62]
Monte Carlo
simulation integrated
with GA
[63]
[64]
Non-dominant
sorting GA
Exhaustive Search
GA combined with
fuzzy programming
Non-dominant
sorting GA
Ant Colony
Algorithm
GA
GA
A simple
conventional iterative
search technique
along with Newton
Raphson method
Mixed integer
nonlinear
programming
GA
Monte Carlo
simulation-embedde
d genetic-algorithmbased approach
Combination of GA
and PSO
PSO
2017
Othman et. al.,
Ref.
[65]
[67]
A
matrix
real-coded
GA
methodology
for
optimal
allocation and economic analysis
of ESS in microgrids.
[68]
[66]
[69]
[70]
[71]
[72]
[73]
An economical cost-benefit
analysis has been performed
taking advantage of the increased
capabilities given by the
combined use of RES and storage
devices
Optimal operation of distribution
networks
with
wind-based
embedded generation and ESEs
A model for calculating the
optimal size of an ESS in a
microgrid considering reliability
criterion
where
the
ESS
investment cost and microgrid
operating cost were taken into
account.
A concept in which a DNO
controls the output of the ESEs of
commercial customers during a
specific time period in exchange
for providing a subsidy covering a
part of the initial cost of the
storage system. Further, a model
[75]
Decrease
the
bid
imbalance. Shift energy
from the cheapest to the
most expensive.
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
Minimize
the
magnitude/fluctuation of
the current flowing in and
out of the battery and the
energy loss
Enhance wind generation
performances and adapt it
to demand
Solve
the
voltage
fluctuation problem in
distribution networks
[80]
[81]
[82]
[83]
[84]
that
allows
customers
to
optimally ESSs was developed
A simple scenario in which
independent
storage
either
cooperates with an intermittent
energy producer or competes in
reserve markets.
A solution strategy that uses a
convex
optimization
based
relaxation to solve the optimal
control problem then use this
framework to illustrate the effects
of various levels of energy storage
along with both time-invariant
and demand-based cost functions.
A new algorithm to optimize the
day-ahead thermal and electrical
scheduling of a large scale VPP
using
mixed-integer
linear
programming
The optimal control of the
microgrids
energy
storage
devices. The suggested method
computed the globally optimal
power flow, in both the network
and time domains.
A stochastic framework to
enhance the reliability and
operability of wind integration
using optimally placed and sized
ESSs.
A double fuzzy logic control
strategy
optimizing
the
management
of
the
superconducting magnetic energy
storage was proposed by
combining the wind power
forecasting and the real-time
control of the wind power system
An adaptive optimal policy for
hourly operation of ESS in a grid
connected wind power company
to achieve the optimal operation
of ESS for wind energy time
shifting.
A Fuzzy PSO was presented to
determine the optimal sizing and
siting decisions for ESS through a
cost-benefit analysis method.
Smooth
the
power
fluctuations of wind turbine
and
prevent
the
superconducting magnetic
energy
storage
from
occurring of the state of
over-charge/deep-discharg
e
Maximize the expected
daily profit following
uncertainties
in
wind
generation and electricity
price through time shift
wind energy.
Track the forecasted net
demand curve, reduce the
energy
exchanged
at
distribution substation and
mitigate power output
fluctuations by installing
ESS at DG sites
Minimize the operation
cost and limit greenhouse
gas emissions
Smooth the wind power
output and make it more
dispatchable
Perform
least
cost
dispatches
2018
Othman et. al.,
[85]
VII. CONCLUSION
VPP is a relatively new and yet an attractive concept that
needs thorough research to facilitate its implementation. This
paper presents a comprehensive literature review for the
different VPP definitions, components, and the relation
between these components. Moreover, the VPP framework is
explained and the functionalities of the TVPP and CVPP are
stated for better understanding of the VPP concept. A survey
of the different optimization techniques aims to optimize
either the VPP structure or the VPP operation discussed. The
optimization of the VPP structure included the optimal sizing
and siting of DG units and the ESEs, the optimal load control,
and the optimal measurement devices location. The required
objective functions, and optimizing algorithms for the sake of
VPP optimal operation are highlighted. The presented survey
helps the researchers in better understanding of the VPP
framework and operation and in finding the optimization tools
and objectives required to realize the VPP concept.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
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[10]
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[14]
[15]
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[17]
K. Dielmann, Alwin and van der Velden, Virtual power plant (VPP) a
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2020
Othman et. al.,
2021
Othman et. al.,
2022
Othman et. al.,
2023
Othman et. al.,