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Assumptions:

The constraints put on the geometry would form the assumptions:


1.

Beam is initially straight, and has a constant cross-section.

2.

Beam is made of homogeneous material and the beam has a longitudinal plane of symmetry.

3.

Resultant of the applied loads lies in the plane of symmetry.

4.

The geometry of the overall member is such that bending not buckling is the primary cause of failure.

5.

Elastic limit is nowhere exceeded and E' is same in tension and compression.

6.

Plane cross - sections remains plane before and after bending.

Thermal Effects
Changes in temperature produce expansion or contraction of structural
materials, resulting in thermal strains and thermal stresses. A simple
illustration of thermal expansion is shown in Fig. 2-19, where the block of
material is unrestrained and therefore free to expand. When the block is
heated, every element of the material undergoes thermal strains in all
directions, and consequently the dimensions of the block increase. If we
take corner A as a fixed reference point and let side AB maintain its
original alignment, the block will have the shape shown by the dashed
lines.
For most structural materials, thermal strain et is proportional to the
temperature change T; that is
(2-15)
in which a is a property of the material called the coefficient of
thermal expansion. Since strain is a dimensionless quantity, the coefficient
of thermal expansion has units equal to the reciprocal of
temperature change. In SI units the dimensions of a can be expressed as
either 1/K (the reciprocal of kelvins) or 1/C (the reciprocal of degrees
Celsius). The value of a is the same in both cases because a change in
temperature is numerically the same in both kelvins and degrees Celsius.
In USCS units, the dimensions of a are 1/F (the
reciprocal of degrees Fahrenheit).* Typical values of a are listed in
Table I-4 of Appendix I (available online).

Bending stress due to thermal loading is due to temperature gradient

This is given from the Fournier law of conduction

If 1-D heat conduction is assumed

Shape of moment is depends on the sign of temperature gradient

Sign convention
Unlike temperature, heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude, and thus it
is a vector quantity (Fig. 21). Therefore, we must specify both direction and
magnitude in order to describe heat transfer completely at a point.

we can work with a coordinate system and indicatedirection with plus or minus
signs. The generally accepted convention is thatheat transfer in the positive
direction of a coordinate axis is positive and in the opposite direction it is
negative. Therefore, a positive quantity indicates heat transfer in the positive
direction and a negative quantity indicates heat transfer in the negative
direction.
The driving force for any form of heat transfer is the temperature difference, and
the larger the temperature difference, the larger the rate of heat transfer.

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