DEFINITION

The Commission on Higher Education (Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon)

of the Philippines, abbreviated as CHED, is attached to the Office of the President for
administrative purposes. It covers both public and private higher education institutions
as well as degree-granting programs in all post-secondary educational institutions in the
country.
BODY:
LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND
The Commission

on

Higher

Education (CHED) was

created

on

May

18,

1994 through the passage of Republic Act No. 7722, or the Higher Education Act of
1994. CHED, an attached agency to the Office of the President for administrative
purposes, is headed by a chairman and four commissioners, each having a term of
office of four years. The Commission En Banc acts as a collegial body in formulating
plans, policies and strategies relating to higher education and the operation of CHED.
The creation of CHED was part of a broad agenda of reforms on the countrys education
system outlined by the Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) in 1992.
Part of the reforms was the trifocalization of the education sector into three governing
bodies: the CHED for tertiary and graduate education, the Department of Education
(DepEd) for basic education and the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) for technical-vocational and middle-level education.
The CHED LOGO

-is a representation of how Philippine higher education evolved. The pyramid represents
the ideal three-level, manpower structure of the country, comprising of basic level skills,
middle or semi-skilled workers, and high or professional levels of human resource
located at the apex of the pyramid and the primary concern of higher education.
The human silhouette inside the pyramid represents human resources development of
every Filipino to become productive citizens of the country. The rising sun symbolizes
the dawning of a new era in higher education with the creation of CHED. With the
emergence of CHED, higher education was given the much needed attention and
appropriate reforms implemented which jumpstarted the development of higher
education as the prime mover in nation-building. The suns rays signify the perpetual
thirst for knowledge and expansion of learning throughout all the regions of the country.
The color triad: red, yellow and blue correspond to the colors of the Philippine flags as
CHED was created to be the main advocate and pillar of nation building.
The year 1994 indicates the year when CHED was created by law. On May 18, 1994,
CHED was established through Republic Act No. 7722, otherwise known as the Higher
Education Act of 1994. The CHED is an attached
FUNCTIONS
Formulate and recommend development plans, policies, priorities, and programs on
higher education;
Formulate and recommend development plans, policies, priorities, and programs on
research;

Recommend to the executive and legislative branches priorities and grants on higher
education and research;
Set minimum standards for programs and institutions of higher learning recommended
by panels of experts in the field and subject to public hearing, and enforced the same;
Monitor and evaluate the performance of programs and institutions of higher learning
for appropriate incentives as well as the imposition of sanctions such as, but not limited
to, diminution or withdrawal of subsidy, recommendation on the downgrading or
withdrawal of accreditation, program termination or school course;
Identify, support and develop potential centers of excellence in program areas needed
for the development of world-class scholarship, nation building and national
development;
Recommend to the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) the budgets of
public institutions of higher learning as well as general guidelines for the use of their
income;
Rationalize programs and institutions of higher learning and set standards, policies
and guidelines for the creation of new ones as well as the conversion or elevation of
schools to institutions of higher learning, subject to budgetary limitations and the
number of institutions of higher learning in the province or region where creation,
conversion or elevation is sought to be made;

Develop criteria for allocating additional resources such as research and program
development grants, scholarships, and the other similar programs: Provided, that these
shall not detract from the fiscal autonomy already enjoyed by colleges and universities;
Direct or redirect purposive research by institutions of higher learning to meet the
needs of agro-industrialization and development;
Administer the Higher Education Development Fund, as described in Section 10 of
R.A. 7722, which will promote the purposes of higher education;
Review the charters of institutions of higher learning and state universities and
colleges including the chairmanship and membership of their governing bodies and
recommend appropriate measures as basis for necessary action;
Promulgate such rules and regulations and exercise such other powers and functions
as may be necessary to carry out effectively the purpose and objectives of R.A. 7722;
and
Perform such other functions as may be necessary for its effective operations and for
the continued enhancement, growth and development of higher education.
The Office of the Chairperson (and Commissioners) shall provide overall policy and
operational direction to all CHED Offices. It shall principally be responsible for the
optimization of social, institutional and individual returns and benefits derived from the
conscientious allocation, utilization and accountability of its funds and resources,
following the tenets of efficiency and effectiveness; quality and excellence; relevance
and responsiveness; and access and equity.

Specifically, this Office

Serves as the source of overall direction and guidance to the Commission;

Formulates policies, standards, plans and programs for the development and
reform of Philippine higher education in a globalized context;

Formulates policies and guidelines on the generation and allocation of funds for
higher education, and recommends to the Department of Budget and
Management (DBM) the budget of public institutions of higher learning;

Deliberates on and resolves critical issues affecting higher education;

Represents CHED in meetings with the legislative and executive branches of

government.
OFFICE OF THE CHAIRPERSON AND COMMISSIONERS
CHAIRPERSON
PATRICIA B. LICUANAN

CONCLUSION:
CHED is responsible in the formulation and implementation of policies, plans and
programs for the development and efficient operation of the higher education system in
the country.

MARINA, is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation

and Communicationsresponsible for integrating the development, promotion and regulation
of the maritime industry in the Philippines.

The Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA) was created on 01 June 1974 as an attached
Agency to the Office of the President (OP) with the issuance of Presidential Decree No.
474, otherwise known as the Maritime Industry Decree of 1974, to integrate the
development, promotion and regulation of the maritime industry in the country. With the
creation of the Ministry (now Department) of Transportation and Communications
(DOTC) by virtue of Executive Order No. 546, the MARINA was attached to the DOTC
for policy and program coordination on 23 July 1979.
The Philippines' Department of Labor and Employment (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Paggawa at
Empleyo, commonly abbreviated as DOLE) is the executive department of the Philippine
Government mandated to formulate policies, implement programs and services, and serve as
the policy-coordinating arm of the Executive Branch in the field of labor and employment. It is
tasked with the enforcement of the provisions of the Labor Code.[2]
The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) started as a small bureau in 1908. It became a department on
December 8, 1933 with the passage of Act 4121. The DOLE is the national government agency mandated to
formulate and implement policies and programs, and serve as the policy-advisory arm of the Executive Branch in the
field of labor and employment.

On December 8, 1933, the Bureau of Labor was constituted as a Department by virtue of Republic Act 4121. Since
then, it has continuously evolved its thrusts and strategies to respond to emerging socio-political and economic
challenges while keeping as primary concern the protection and promotion of the welfare of local and overseas
Filipino workers (OFWs).

Today, the DOLE is the national government agency mandated to formulate policies, implement programs and serve
as the policy-coordinating arm of the Executive Branch in the field of labor and employment.

It serves more than 40 million workers comprising the country's labor force, covering those in the formal and informal
economies, private and public. On top of this, the DOLE clients also include workers' organizations, employers and/or
employers' groups, non-government organizations (NGOs), and other government agencies, the academe, other
stakeholders, international organizations (e.g., ILO, IOM, UNDP, UNICEF), and the international community including
the host countries of our OFWs.

To carry out its mandate, the DOLE has 16 regional offices, 83 Field Offices with four (4) Satellite Offices, 38
overseas posts, 6 bureaus, 7 staff services and 11 agencies attached to it for policy and program supervision and/or
coordination. It has a total manpower complement of 9,120. For 2013, the DOLE has a total budget of P8.083 Billion.

Vision
Every Filipino worker attains full, decent and productive employment.

Mission
To promote gainful employment opportunities, develop human resources, protect workers and promote their welfare,
and maintain industrial peace.

OWWA
The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), an attached agency of
the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), is the lead government agency
tasked to protect and promote the welfare and well-being of Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) and their dependents.

History
OWWA was created through:
Letter of Instruction (LOI) No. 537 (Annex A)
A "Welfare and Training Fund For Overseas Workers" was created on 01 May 1977 in
the Department of Labor through a Letter of Instruction (LOI) No. 537 signed by
President Ferdinand E. Marcos. This LOI provides social and welfare services to Filipino
overseas workers including insurance coverage, social work assistance, legal
assistance, placement assistance, cultural services, remittance services, and the like.
Sources of Funds comes from earnings and welfare fund collections from Overseas
Employment Development Board (OEDB), Bureau of Employment Service (BES),
National Seaman Board (NSB) and other donations, contributions.
Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1694 (Annex B)
President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed a Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1694 on 01 May
1980, formalizing the LOI No. 537, which created the Welfare and Training Fund For
Overseas Workers, into Welfare Fund for Overseas Workers or referred to as Welfund.
This PD orders the transfer of all fund sources to the Welfund and its administration by
the Board of Trustees.
Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1809 (Annex C)
On 16 January 1981, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed PD No. 1809 amending
certain provisions of the PD No. 1694. Amendments include government banks as
depository banks for the Welfund; expanding number of members of the Board of

Trustees, from 7 to 11; and administration of the Welfund by the Board of Trustees
through a Secretariat.
Executive Order (EO) No. 126 (Annex D)
President Corazon C. Aquino signed an Executive Order No. 126 on 30 January 198
reorganizing the Ministry of Labor and Employment and for other purposes. Under
Section XIX. Attached Agencies, item f., the Welfare Fund For Overseas Workers
administration or Welfund was renamed into Overseas Workers Welfare Administration.
Executive Order (EO) No. 195 (Annex E)
President Fidel V. Ramos signed an Executive Order No. 195 on 13 August 1994
providing Medical Care (MEDICARE) Program for Filipino overseas workers and their
dependents. It is a compulsory coverage for those Filipino overseas workers not
covered by the Philippine Medical Care Program of SSS.
Republic Act (RA) 8042 (Annex F)
Republic Act 8042 or known as the "Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of
1995" was approved by President Fidel V. Ramos on June 7, 1995. This Act
strengthened OWWA's mandate and services for OFWs and their dependents and
expanded the composition of the Board of Trustees.
Under Section 15 of this Act, OWWA, in coordination with appropriate agencies, shall
undertake the repatriation of workers in cases of war, epidemics, disasters or calamities,
natural or man-made, and other similar events without prejudice to reimbursement by
the responsible principal or recruitment agency. However, in cases where the principal
or recruitment agency cannot be identified, all costs attendant to repatriation shall be
borne by the OWWA. For this purpose, an Emergency Repatriation Fund, initially in the
amount of Php100M was created and established under the administration, control and
supervision of OWWA.
Section 17 establishes the Re-placement and Monitoring Center or RPMC for returning
Filipino migrant workers wherein the DOLE, OWWA and POEA were tasked to formulate
a program that would motivate migrant workers to plan for productive options such as
entry into highly technical jobs or undertakings, livelihood and entrepreneurial
development, better wage employment, and investment of savings.
Section 21 establishes a Migrant Workers Loan Guarantee Fund in order to further
prevent unscrupulous illegal recruiters and loan sharks from taking advantage of
workers seeking employment abroad. OWWA, in coordination with government financial
institutions was tasked to develop financing schemes i.e., Pre-departure Loan and
Family assistance Loan for ready to leave Filipino overseas workers and their families.

Section 32 states the additional membership to the OWWA Board of Trustees coming
from women sector.
OWWA Omnibus Policies (Annex G)
OWWA Board of Trustees passed a Resolution No. 038 on 19 September 2003
instituting the Omnibus Policies of the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration. The
Board promulgated and codified the policies, rules and regulations to provide guidelines
on OWWA membership and its coverage, collection of contribution, and availment of
benefits. It also embodied the policies on fund management, programs and services
administration and corporate governance.
Republic Act (RA) 7111 (Annex H)
RA 7111 an Act establishing the Overseas Workers' Investment Fund to provide
incentives to overseas workers, reduce the foreign debt burden, and for other purposes
was approved by President Corazon C. Aquino on 22 August 1991.
Executive Order (EO) No. 446 (Annex I)
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed an Executive Order No. 446 on 12 July 2005
tasking the Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment to oversee and
coordinate the implementation of various initiatives for OFWs
Established in 1983, The Maritime Training Center of the Philippines, Inc. (TMTCP) is
an educational institution to train Filipino seafarers to exercise efficiency in
operation and safety in navigation for national fleets and foreign ships.
TMTCP organizes, maintains and conducts training for basic, advance safety
and other courses in accordance with the IMO* and STCW**.
TMTCP prides itself on being a stalwart in the field of maritime education, subscribing
only to the highest qualities and skills expected by the ship owners the world over.
Managed and operated by a team of seasoned marine officers, the center helps shape
Filipino seafarers who are able and ready to perfo
The Professional Regulation Commission is responsible for the administration,
implementation and enforcement of regulatory policies on the regulation and
licensing of various professions and occupations under its jurisdiction. It is the
instrument of the Filipino people in securing for the nation a reliable, trustworthy,
and progressive system of developing professionals whose personal integrity and
spiritual values are solid and respected, whose competencies are globally
competitive, and whose commitment to serve the Filipino nation and the whole
community is strong and steadfast.

The Professional Regulation Commission, (Filipino: Komisyon sa Regulasyong Pampropesyon)

otherwise known as the PRC, is a three-man commission attached to the office of the President of

the Philippines. Its mandate is to regulate and supervise the practice of the professionals
(exceptLawyers) who constitute the highly skilled manpower of the country. As the agency-in-charge
of the professional sector, the PRC plays a strategic role in developing the corps of professionals for
industry, commerce, governance, and the economy.

The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) is an agency of the Government

of the Philippinesresponsible for opening the benefits of the overseas employment program
of the Philippines. It is the main government agency assigned to monitor and supervise
recruitment agencies in the Philippines. The POEA's office is located at EDSAcorner Ortigas
Avenue, Mandaluyong City, Philippines.[1]

The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration was established in 1982 through Executive
Order No. 797. The goal of the agency's establishment was to promote and monitor the overseas
employment of Filipino workers.[2] The POEA was reorganized in 1987 through Executive Order No.
247 in order to respond to changing markets and economic conditions, and to strengthen
components that would protect Filipino workers and the regulatory components of the overseas
employment program.[1][3]
The Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 instituted State policies of overseas
employment and established standards for protection and promotion of welfare for migrant workers
and their families, and for overseas Filipinos in distress. The act specifies, "Migrant worker refers to
a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state
of which he or she is not a legal resident; to be used interchangeably with overseas Filipino worker.".
Regarding deployment of migrant workers, the act mandates, "The State shall deploy overseas
Filipino workers only in countries where the rights of Filipino migrant workers are protected. ...". [4]
In 2010, Republic Act No. 10022 amended some of these provisions, including those quoted above.
Among other changes, the paragraph defining the term Migrant worker was amended to
read, "'Overseas Filipino worker' refers to a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been
engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a citizen or on board a vessel
navigating the foreign seas other than a government ship used for military or non-commercial
purposes or on an installation located offshore or on the high seas; to be used interchangeably with
migrant worker.", and the introductory text regarding deployment was amended to read, "The State

shall allow the deployment of overseas Filipino workers only in countries where the rights of Filipino
migrant workers are protected.
The National Statistics Office (NSO) (Filipino:Pambansang Tanggapan ng Estadstika),
formerly known as Bureau of Census and Statistics is thePhilippine government's major
statistical agency responsible in collecting, compiling, classifying, producing, publishing,
and disseminating general-purpose statistics. The NSO also has the responsibility of
carrying out and administering the provision of the Civil Registry Law including the archiving
of birth, death and marriage and servicing requests for copies and certifications based on
these documents as provided for in Act No. 3753 dated February 1931. [5]
The organization assumed its responsibilities when Commonwealth Act (C.A.) No. 591 was
approved on August 19, 1940. It was then known as the Bureau of the Census and Statistics (BCS).
It became the National Census and Statistics Office (NCSO) in 1974 until was renamed to be the
National Statistics Office.
The Philippine Department of Health (abbreviated as DOH; Filipino:Kagawaran ng Kalusugan)
is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for ensuring access to
basic public health services by all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care and
the regulation of all health services and products. It is the government's over-all technical
authority on health.[2] It has its headquarters at the San Lazaro Compound, along Rizal
Avenue in Manila.
The department is led by the Secretary of Health, nominated by thePresident of the Philippines and
confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet. The
current Secretary of Health is Janette Garin.
On June 23, 1898, the Americans established a military Board of Health with Dr. Frank S. Bourns as
president. The purpose of this Board of Health was to care for injured American troops but as the
hostilities between Filipinos and Americans waned in 1901, a civilian Board of Health was now
deemed appropriate with Dr. L. M. Maus as the first health commissioner.
In the early 1900s, 200,222 lives including 66,000 children were lost; three percent of the population
was decimated in the worst epidemic in Philippine health history. In view of this, the Americans
organized and erected several institutions, including the Bureau of Governmental Laboratories,
which was built in 1901 for medical research and vaccine production.
The Americans, led by Dean Worcester built the UP College of Medicine and Surgery in 1905,
with Johns Hopkins University serving as a blueprint, at the time, one of the best medical schools in

the world. By 1909, nursing instruction was also begun at the Philippine Normal School. In terms of
public health, the Americans improved on the sewer system and provided a safer water supply.
In 1915, the Bureau of Health was reorganized and renamed into the Philippine Health Service.
During the succeeding years leadership and a number of health institutions were already being given
to Filipinos, in accordance with the Organic Act of 1916. On January 1, 1919, Dr. Vicente De Jesus
became the first Filipino to head the Health portfolio.
In 1933, after a reorganization, the Philippine Health Service reverted to being known as the Bureau
of Health. It was during this time that it pursued its official journal, The Health Messenger and
established Community Health and Social Centers, precursors to today's Barangay Health Centers.
By 1936, as Governor-General Frank Murphy was assuming the post of United States High
Commissioner, he would remark that the Philippines led all oriental countries in terms of health
status.[3]
When the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated, Dr. Jose Fabella was named chief of
the Bureau of Health. In 1936, Dr. Fabella reviewed the Bureau of Healths organization and made
an inventory of its existing facilities, which consisted of 11 community and social health centers, 38
hospitals, 215 puericulture centers, 374 sanitary divisions, 1,535 dispensaries and 72 laboratories.
In the 1940s, the Bureau of Health was reorganized into the Department of Health and Public
Welfare, still under Fabella. During this time, the major priorities of the agency
were tuberculosis, malnutrition, malaria, leprosy, gastrointestinal disease, and the high
infant mortality rate.
When the Japanese occupied the Philippines, they dissolved the National Government and replaced
it with the Central Administrative Organization of the Japanese Army. Health was relegated to the
Department of Education, Health and Public Welfare under Commissioner Claro M. Recto.
In 1944, President Manuel Roxas signed Executive Order (E.O.) No. 94 into law, calling for the
creation of the Department of Health. Dr. Antonio C. Villarama as appointed Secretary. A new Bureau
of Hospitals and a Bureau of Quarantine was created under DOH. Under E.O. 94, the Institute of
Nutrition was created in 1948 to coordinate various nutrition activities of the different agencies.
On February 20, 1958, Executive Order 288 provided for the reorganization of the Department of
Health. This entailed a partial decentralization of powers and created eight Regional Health Offices.
Under this setup, the Secretary of Health passed on some of responsibilities to the regional offices
and directors.

One of the priorities of the Marcos administration was health maintenance. From 1975 to the mideighties, four specialty hospitals were built in succession. The first three institutions were
spearheaded by First Lady Imelda Marcos. ThePhilippine Heart Center was established on February
14, 1975 with Dr. Avelino Aventura as director. Second, the Philippine Childrens Medical Center was
built in 1979. Then in 1983, the National Kidney and Transplant Institute was set up. This was soon
followed by the Lung Center of the Philippines, which was constructed under the guidance of Health
Minister Dr.Enrique Garcia.
With a shift to a parliamentary form of government, the Department of Health was transformed into
the Ministry of Health on June 2, 1978 with Dr. Clemente S. Gatmaitan as the first health minister.
On April 13, 1987, the Department of Health was created from the previous Ministry of Health with
Dr. Alfredo R. A. Bengzon as secretary of health.