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CHAPTER NO. 1
INTRODUCTION
Columns contain very low volume of materials compared to the roof it supports.
However, extreme care is required to construct columns since failure of columns lead
to sudden collapse of the structure, when compared to the failure of the roofing
elements it supports. Hence, columns need to design in such a way that failure of
beams occurs prior to failure of columns. In order to achieve this objective, the
moment strength of beams or slab shall be less than that of colums at a joint in a
principal plane. This fact shall be checked before the completion of analysis and if
found not satisfying, column dimensions shall be increased to satisfy the above
condition. Design of columns are carried over a group of columns having a low
variation of design values. In this group, design is carried for the highest values of
axial force, moments about X and Y directions. This practice will reduce safety factor
in columns which are critical structural members responsible for the safety of the
structure. Hence, a method is proposed from existing literature for the design of
reinforced concrete (RC) columns considering axial force, moment in X and Y. This
method is presented in the excel sheet so that the calculations in each step can be
verified. The results are compared with the literature and verified.
SIGNIFICANCE
Column is a critical element in a structure which need to have a high moment strength
than beams or slab in the principal plane considered.A procedure is formulated using
spreadsheets for the design of columns. Spreadsheet facilitates design of number of
colums immediately upon entering design data values. These are significant since
many analytical softwares do not support design of columns with axial force,
moments, shear and torsion.This imposes limitation of using these charts. SP 16 puts
limitation of minimum of 8 bars (for bars places on all faces) for the charts. However,
the spreadsheet developed has no such limitations, since it is developed from first
principles, for application to rectangular columns. All the individual concepts for
design of this problem are available in IS 456 : 2000 and SP : 16 1980 . however, all
these individual concepts are systematically combined in this programme, which takes
care of all the relevant clauses concerning this problem.
Spredsheets provide an extremely useful,modernalternative to the traditional charts
and tables.They have advantage which often make them more usableand more
versatile in many applications.This paper describes spreadsheetwhich is developed for
design of short rectangular columns.
METHODOLOGY
Step by step procedure for the design is as follows. 1. Enter axial force, moment about
Y for top and bottom of column, moment about X for top and bottom of column.
Enter also the breadth of the column and the length of the column. Enter the grade of
steel and concrete. This is based on the strains at each row of steel and the
corresponding stresses in steel and the compressive force in concrete. Stress in steel is
found from the stress strain relations given in SP: 16. These are given for a bar
configuration of four bars per face which is applicable to 3 bars per face and 2 bars per
face. This can be extended to any number of bars per face, provided, the excel sheet is
modified by simply copying the existing one and changing the bar number from the
present to the required one.
The moments shall be compared with the moment due to minimum eccentricity as per
cl. 39.2 of IS 456 : 2000 and maximum shall be considered. Minimum eccentricity
corresponds to cl. 25.4 of IS 456 : 2000, which is equal to unsupported length of
column/500 plus lateral dimensions/30, subject to minimum of 20 mm. This needs to
be checked about each axis at a time.
VERIFICATION OF SPREADSHEET
It is required to make sure that the results should match values as in code. In case of
spreadsheets for concrete design, the results of specific calculations can be compared
with hand calculations. Further checks can be made by reworking examples in
standard text books, although these do contain errors. Hence, the comparison of results
obtained from excel sheet is to be made with the results from literature to make sure
that each constructs are correct.
Comparison of
steel stresses from
strains, for various
stress levels (fyd =
fy/1.15), for Fe415
Strain
0.00380
0.00276
0.00241
0.00192
0.00163
fs as per excel
(fs as per SP 16 :
1980)
fyd (fyd)
0.974fyd(0.975fyd)
0.949fyd (0.95fyd)
0.9fyd (0.0.90fyd)
0.849fyd
(0.0.85fyd)
0.8fyd (0.8fyd)
0.00144
CONCLUSIONS
Computer spreadsheets provide a very convenient aid for the design of column. It has
got significant advantages over design charts and tables. From the above sections, it is
clear that, the spreadsheet developed for the design of columns subjected to
compression/tension, biaxial bending, can be used effectively. Spreadsheets also have
an important advantage over conventional computer programs in that they give a good
insight into effect of various design parameters. The result of any change in the trial
design is instantly observed because of automatic recalculation by the spreadsheet.
This encourages the designer to adjust the input data to achieve better design solutions.
Changes can be undertaken very rapidly and efficiently.
LIMITATIONS
At present, column with four bars per face is considered, which can be increased to
any number of bars per face by a little modification in the spreadsheet. This is
applicable for rectangular columns only. For circular columns and odd shaped
columns, this spreadsheet can be modified and could be adopted. All notations
corresponds to ref [2] and [3]. The above analysis is also in line with ref [7], regarding
column parameters.
COLUMN INTRODUCTION
Column
For a compression member, the effective length > three times the least lateral
dimension.
Fig.1 Pedestal, column,
wall
(iv) Minimum Eccentricity All columns shall be designed for emin l/500+ D/30
20 mm
Where l= Unsupported length of column in mm. D= Lateral dimension of column in
the direction under consideration in mm.
Figure 3 presents the three modes of failure of columns with different slenderness
ratios when loaded axially. In the mode 1, column does not undergo any lateral
deformation and collapses due to material failure. This is known as compression
failure. Due to the combined effects of axial load and moment a short column may
have material failure of mode 2. On the other hand, a slender column subjected to
axial load only undergoes deflection due to beam-column effect and may have material
failure under the combined action of direct load and bending moment. Such failure is
called combined compression and bending failure of mode 2. Mode 3 failure is by
elastic instability of very long column even under small load much before the material
reaches the yield stresses. This type of failure is known as elastic buckling.
The slenderness ratio of steel column is the ratio of its effective length le to its least
radius of gyration r. In case of reinforced concrete column, however, IS 456 stipulates
the slenderness ratio as the ratio of its effective length le to its least lateral
dimension.The column may have the possibility of buckling depending on the two
values of slenderness ratios as given below:
Slenderness ratio about the major axis = lex/D
Slenderness ratio about the minor axis = ley/b
Thus, cl. 25.1.2 of IS 456 stipulates the following:
A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios
lex/D and ley/b are less than 12 where lex = effective length in respect of the major axis,
D = depth in respect of the major axis, ley = effective length in respect of the minor
axis, and b = width of the member. It shall otherwise be considered as a slender
compression member.
Further, it is essential to avoid the mode 3 type of failure of columns so that all
columns should have material failure (modes 1 and 2) only. Accordingly, cl. 25.3.1 of
IS 456 stipulates the maximum unsupported length between two restraints of a column
to sixty times its least lateral dimension.
The minimum number of bars shall be four in rectangular columns & six in circular
columns.
(B)Transverse Reinforcement :
Transverse reinforcing bars are provided in forms of circular rings, polygonal links
(lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding 135o or helical reinforcement. The
transverse reinforcing bars are provided to ensure that every longitudinal bar nearest to
the compression face has effective lateral support against buckling. Clause 26.5.3.2
stipulates the guidelines of the arrangement of transverse reinforcement. The salient
points are:
(a) Transverse reinforcement shall only go round corner and alternate bars if the
longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75 mm on either side (Fig.4).
(b) Longitudinal bars spaced at a maximum distance of 48 times the diameter of the tie
shall be tied by single tie and additional open ties for in between longitudinal bars
(Fig.4(b)).
(c) For longitudinal bars placed in more than one row (Fig.4(c): (i) transverse
reinforcement is provided for the outer-most row in accordance with (a) above, and (ii)
no bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the
diameter of the largest bar in the inner row.
(d) For longitudinal bars arranged in a group such that they are not in contact and each
group is adequately tied as per (a), (b) or (c) above, as appropriate, the transverse
reinforcement for the compression member as a whole may be provided assuming that
each group is a single longitudinal bar for determining the pitch and diameter of the
transverse reinforcement as given in sec.10.21.9. The diameter of such transverse
reinforcement should not, however, exceed 20 mm (Fig.4(d)).
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of the spiral bar. The pitch of helical reinforcement shall be determined as given in
sec.10.21.9 for all cases except where an increased load on the column is allowed for
on the strength of the helical reinforcement. In such cases only, the maximum pitch
shall be the lesser of 75 mm and one-sixth of the core diameter of the column, and the
minimum pitch shall be the lesser of 25 mm and three times the diameter of the steel
bar forming the helix.
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Minimum Eccentricity
In practical construction, columns are rarely truly concentric. Even a theoretical
column loaded axially will have accidental eccentricity due to inaccuracy in
construction or variation of materials etc. Accordingly, all axially loaded columns
should be designed considering the minimum eccentricity as stipulated in cl. 25.4 of IS
456 and given below
ex min greater of )l/500 + D/30) or 20 mm
(10.3)
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CHAPTER 2
15
CHAPTER 3
UNIAXIAL COLUMN
In general, all practical columns are eccentrically loaded. Normally, the side
columns of a grid of beams and columns are subjected to axial load P and uniaxial
moment Mx causing bending about the major axis xx, hereafter will be written as M.
These can be visualized by either of the following ways:
1) The load Pu on column is at an eccentricity e from the centre line of column,
and then column is subjected to an axial load P u plus the bending moment
equal to Pue.
2) The load is axial but a column has a moment either due to gravity loads or any
other loads. It can be said in this case that column is eccentrically loaded with
load Pu and bending moment Mu or the column is eccentricity loaded with a
load Pu at an eccentricity e= Mu / Pu.
Uniaxial bending:
Depending on relative values of Pu and Mu, the following two cases occur for
design:
i.
Compression over the whole section where the neutral axis is outside
the section. This is called compression controls region. This region is
further subdivided into two regions
(a) e e,min
(b) e > e,min
ii.
Compression on one side in the concrete and steel, and tension in the
steel on the other side where the neutral axis lies inside the section.
This is called tension controls region.
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the critical point at which both the failures of concrete in compression and steel in
yielding occur simultaneously.
3.2.1 Compressive Stress Block of Concrete when the Neutral Axis Lies
Outside the Section
Figure 3.2c presents the stress block for a typical strain profile JK having neutral axis
depth kD outside the section (k > 1). The strain profile JK in Fig.3.2b shows that up to
a distance of 3D/7 from the right edge (point AO), the compressive strain is 0.002 and,
therefore, the compressive stress shall remain constant at 0.446fck. The remaining part
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of the column section of length 4D/7, i.e., up to the left edge, has reducing
compressive strains (but not zero). The stress block is,
therefore, parabolic from AO to H which becomes zero at U (outside the section). The
area of the compressive stress block shall be obtained subtracting the parabolic area
between AO to H from the rectangular area between G and H. To establish the
expression of this area, it is essential to know the equation of the parabola between AO
and U, whose origin is at AO. The positive coordinates of X and Y are measured from
the point AO upwards and to the left, respectively. Let us assume that the general
equation of the parabola as
X = aY2 + bY + c .(3.3)
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20
Table 3.1 represents the values of C1 and C2 for different values of k greater than 1, as
given in Table H of SP-16. For a specific depth of the neutral axis, k is known. Using
the corresponding values of C1 and C2 from Table 10.4, area of the stress block of
concrete and the distance of centroid from the right edge are determined from Eqs.3.6
and 3.9, respectively.
Table 3.1 Stress block parameters C1 and C2 when the neutral axis is outside the
section
The area of the stress block is 0.446fckD and the distance of the centroid from the right
edge is 0.5D, when k is infinite. Values of C1 and C2 at k = 4 are very close to those
when k = . In fact, for the practical interaction diagrams, it is generally adequate to
consider values of k up to about 1.2.
which gives
Y = {1 (/0.002)}(kD 3D/7).. (3.13)
Substituting the value of Y from Eq.3.13 in Eq.3.12, we have
fc = 0.446 fck [2(c/0.002) - (c/0.002)2], if 0 c < 0.002 (3.14)
Compressive Stress Block of Concrete when the Neutral Axis is within the Section
Figure 3.2c presents the stress block for a typical strain profile IN having neutral axis
depth = kD within the section (k < 1). The strain profile IN in Fig.3.2b shows that from
a to AO, i.e., up to a distance of 3kD/7 from the right edge, the compressive strain is
0.002 and, therefore, the compressive stress shall remain constant at 0.446fck. From
AO to U, i.e., for a distance of 4kD/7, the strain is reducing from 0.002 to zero and the
stress in this zone is parabolic as shown in Fig.3.2c. The area of the stress block shall
be obtained subtracting the parabolic area between AO and U from the total
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rectangular area between G and U. As in the case when the neutral axis is outside the
section, we have to establish the equation of the parabola with AO as the origin and
the positive coordinates X and Y are measured from the point AO upwards for X and
from the point AO to the left for Y, as shown in Fig.3.2c. Assuming the same equation
of the parabola as in Eq.3.3, the values of a, b and c are obtained as:
(i) At Y = 0, X = 0, at the origin: gives c = 0
(ii) At Y = 0, dX/dY = 0, at the origin: gives b = 0
(iii) At U, (i.e., at Y = 4kD/7), X = 0.446 fck: gives a = 0.446 fck/(4kD/7)2.
Therefore, the equation of the parabola OR is:
X = {0.446 fck/(4kD/7)2}Y2.. (3.15)
The area of the stress block = 0.446 fck kD (1/3) 0.446 fck (4kD/7) = 0.36 fck kD.
Similarly, the distance of the centroid can be obtained by dividing the moment of area
of stress block about the right edge by the area of the stress block. Therefore, we have
Area of the stress block = 0.36 fck kD (3.16)
The distance of the centroid of the stress block from the right edge = 0.42kD
(3.17)
Thus, the values of C1 and C2 of Eqs.3.6 and 3.9, respectively, are 0.36 and 0.42 when
the neutral axis is within the section. It is to be noted that the coefficients C1 and C2 are
multiplied by Dfck and D, respectively when the neutral axis is outside the section.
However, they are to be multiplied here, when the neutral axis is within the section, by
kDfck and kD, respectively.
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Designating the strain of concrete at this point by c (Fig.3.2b), we have from similar
triangles
c/0.002 = 1 Y/(4kD/7), which gives
Y = {1 - c/0.002}(4kD/7).. (3.21)
Substituting the value of Y from Eq.3.21 in Eq.3.20, we get the same equation, Eq.3.14
of sec.3.2.2, when the neutral axis is outside the section. Therefore,
fc = 0.446 fck [2(c/0.002) (c/0.002)2] . (3.23)
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From the point U to the left edge H of the cross-section of the column, the
compressive stress is zero. Thus, we have
fc = 0 if c 0
fc = 0.446 fck if c 0.002
fc = 0.446 fck{2(c/0.002) (c/0.002)2}, if 0 c < 0.002 (3.24)
3.3 Tensile and Compressive Stresses of Longitudinal Steel
Values of compressive or tensile stresses of longitudinal steel (Fe 250, Fe 415 and Fe
500) are as shown in Table A of SP 16.
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mention that any designed column should be able to resist several critical pairs of Pu
and Mu obtained from the analysis of the structure. It is also a fact that several trials
may be needed to arrive at the final selection revising any or all the assumed
parameters. Accordingly, the design charts are prepared to give the results for the
unknown parameter quickly avoiding lengthy calculations after selecting appropriate
non-dimensional parameters.
Based on the above considerations and making the design simple, quick and fairly
accurate, the following are the two non-dimensional parameters:
For axial load: Pu/fckbD
For moment: Mu/fckbD2
The characteristic strength of concrete fck has been associated with the non-dimensional
parameters as the grade of concrete does not improve the strength of the column
significantly. The design charts prepared by SP-16 are assuming the constant value of
fck for M 20 to avoid different sets of design charts for different grades of concrete.
However, separate design charts are presented in SP-16 for three grades of steel (Fe
250, Fe 415 and Fe 500), four values of d'/D (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) and two types of
distribution of longitudinal steel (distributed equally on two and four sides).
Accordingly there are twenty-four design charts for the design of rectangular columns.
Twelve separate design charts are also presented in SP-16 for circular sections
covering the above mentioned three grades of steel and for values of d'/D ratio.
However, the unknown parameter p, the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement has
been modified to p/fck in all the design charts of SP-16, so that for grades other than M
20, the more accurate value of p can be obtained by multiplying the p/fck with the
actual grade of concrete used in the design of that column.
However, this lesson explains that it is also possible to prepare design chart taking into
consideration the actual grade of concrete. As mentioned earlier, the design charts are
prepared getting the pairs of values of Pu and Mu in non-dimensional form from the
equations of equilibrium for different locations of the neutral axis. We now take up the
respective non-dimensional equations for four different cases as follows:
(a) When the neutral axis is at infinity, i.e., kD = , pure axial load is applied on the
column.
(b) When the neutral axis is outside the cross-section of the column, i.e., D> kD.
(c) When the neutral axis is within the cross-section of the column, i.e., kD < D.
(d) When the column behaves like a steel beam.
27
Since the column has symmetrical longitudinal steel on both sides of the centroidal
axis of the column, the column will resist the pure moment by yielding of both tensile
and compressive steel bars (i.e., fsi = 0.87 fy = fyd). Thus, we have only one equation
which becomes
Mu = bDpi /100fck 0.87 fy yi
Dividing both sides of by fck bD2, we have
(Mu/fckbD2) = pi /100fck 0.87 fy yi/D
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