Ec Equations

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:2:
01. (a)
Sol:
For half wave symmetry periodic signal
should contain odd harmonic components
(f0, 3f0, 5f0 ,)
(i) For x1(t),
0 = G.C.D (2, 6, 10)
= 2
Indicating I, III & V harmonics
exhibiting half wave symmetry
(ii) For x2(t)
0 = G.C.D (2, 4, 6)
= 2
Indicating I, II & III harmonics
not satisfying half wave symmetry.
01. (b).
Sol. Given step response of an LTI system is,
s t 1 e t u t
Since, x(t) = rect (t 0.5) = u(t) u(t1)
L.T.I
Output is y(t) = s(t) s(t1)
1 e t u t 1 e t 1 u t 1
Alternative:
Using laplace transform solve for transfer
function
Ys
1
. Then find the output.
Hs
Xs s 1
01. (c)
Sol: Given circuit is
i1
i2
+ V1 B 0.2V1
A 25
C 10
i3
100
D
25A
E
i4
The above diagram can be redrawn as
ESE_Offline & Online Test

A
v1
i1
25+
0.2v1
B
(0v)
C
v1
(Node-1)
i3
10
i2
E
25A
i4
100
F
By applying KCL at Node (1) we get
v
i1 0.2v1 + i2 + 1 =0
10
i1 + i2 = 0.1V1 ----- (1) and
V1 = 25i1
Substitute in equation (1), we get
i1 + i2 = 0.1(25i1)
i2 = 1.5i1 ---- (2)
By applying KCL at same node,
V
25 + 1 i 2 = 0
100
V
25 + 1 i 2 V1 25i1
100
25i1
25 +
= 1.5i1
100
1
25 = i1 1.5i1
4
i1 = 20A
i2 = 1.5(20) = 30A
i2 = 30A
v1 = 500 V
By applying KCL at Node B,
i1 + 0.2 v1 + i3 = 0
i3 = i1 0.2v1
= (20) 0.2500
i3 = 20 100 = 80 A
i3 = 80 A
0 500 = 0
i3 25+i4+
10
i4 = 5A
:3:
COV 1 Solutions
01. (d)
Sol: Given,
i t 2 t ; 0 t 1
2 t 4; 1 t 2
=0 ;
other wise
i
2
1
F
2
We know that
t
1
Vc it dt
C
C
2 it dt
Vc t 2 it dt
2 2 tdt 2 ; 0 t 1
0
Vc t 2 it dt
2 it dt 2
1
2 2t 4 dt 2
1
t
2 t 2 4t 2
2
= 2 t 8t 4 ;
1 t2
The voltage across the capacitor in the interval
1 t 2 is,
Vc(t) = 2t2 + 8t 4
:4:
:5:
COV 1 Solutions
01. (e)
Sol: From the given circuit
VTH = 0 and
RTH:
10
x1
M1
4Vx
VT
a
+
+
Vx
15
VT
1A
By applying KCL at node VT is,
VT 4VX VT 1 0 1
15
15
5
VX 4VX VT
15
The free body diagram of mass M1 is shown in

figure. The opposing forces acting on mass M1
are marked as fm1, fb1, fb, fk1 and fk.
d 2 x1
dx
fm1= M1
; fb1 = B1 1 ; fk1 = K1x1;
2
dt
dt
d
fb = B (x1 x) ; fk = K(x1 x)
dt
By Newtons second law.
fm1 + fb1+ fb + fk1 + fk = 0
M1
3VX = 4VX +VT

VX = VT ---------(2)
Sub (2) in (1)
3VT VT
1
15
15
2VT = 15
VT = 7.5
R TH
fm1
fb1
fb
fk1
fk
VT
7.5
1
Thevenins equivalent is
a
dx
d 2 x1
d
+B1 1 +B
(x1x)+K1x1+K(x1x) = 0
dt
dt
dt 2
On taking Laplace transform of above

equation with zero initial conditions we get,
M1s2X1(s)+B1sX1(s)+Bs[X1(s)X(s)]+ K1X1(s)
+ K [X1(s) X(s)]= 0
X1(s) [M1 s2 + (B1+B)s + (K1 +K)] X(s)
[Bs+K] = 0
X1(s) [M1 s2 + (B1+B)s + (K1 +K)] = X(s)
[Bs+K]
Bs K
X1(s) = X(s)
2
M 1s (B1 B)s (K 1 K )
. (1)
The free body diagram of mass M2 is show
in figure.
7.5
The opposing forces acting on M2 are marked
as fm2, fb2, fb, fk.
b
01. (f)
Sol: In the given system, applied force f(t) is the
input and displacement x is the output.
Let, Laplace transform of f(t) =L{f(t)}= F(s)
Laplace transform of x = L {x} = X(s)
Laplace transform of x1= L {x1}= X1(s)
The system has two nodes and they are mass
M1, and M2. The differential equations
governing the system are given by force
balanced equations at these nodes.
Let the displacement of mass M1, be x1.
x
f(t)
fm2
fb2
M2
fb
fk
f m2 M 2
fb B
d2x
;
dt 2
d
x x1 ;
dt
f b2 B2
dx
dt
f k K x x1
By Newtons second law,
:6:
fm2 + fb2 + fb +fk = f(t)

M2
d2x
dt
B2
to traffic density, the system is open loop

system.
(ii) Closed loop control system:
The output of a system depends on input.
Eg: Bread Toaster.
Traffic control system can made as a
closed loop system if the time slots of the
signals are decided based on the density of
traffic. In closed loop traffic control system,
the density of the traffic is measured on all the
sides and the information is fed to a computer.
The timings of the control signals are decided
by the computer based on the density of
traffic.
Since the closed loop system
dynamically changes the timings, the flow of
vehicles will be better than open loop system.
dx
d
B x x1 ) K ( x x1 f t
dt
dt
On taking Laplace transform of above

equation with zero initial conditions we get,
M2s2X(s)+B2sX(s) + Bs[X(s) X1(s)]
+K [X(s) X1(s)] = F(s)
2
X(s) [M2s + (B2 +B)s + K] X1(s) [Bs + K]
= F(s) (2)
Substituting for X1(s) from equation (1) in
equation (2) we get,
X(s) [M2s2 + (B2 +B)s +K]
(Bs K )
X(s)
F(s)
2
M1s (B1 B)s (K 1 K )

2
X (s )
F(s )
M s
1
( B B) s ( K K )
1
1
M s 2 ( B B) s ( K K ) M s 2 (B B)s K (Bs K)
1
1
1
2
2
01.(g)
Sol:
A control system is a combination of
elements arranged in a planned manner where
in each element causes an effect to produce a
desired output.
This cause and effect
relationship is governed by a mathematical
relation. In control system the cause acts
through a control process which in turn results
into an effect.
Control systems are used in many
applications for example, systems for the
control of position, velocity, acceleration,
temperature, pressure, voltage and current etc.
Control systems can be broadly divided in
two types.
(i) open loop control system
The accuracy of an open loop system
depends on the calibration of the input. i.e.,
output is independent of input.
Eg: Traffic control system
Traffic control by means of traffic signals
operated on a time basis constitutes an open
loop control system. The sequence of control
signals are based on a time slot given for each
signal. The time slots are decided based on a
traffic study. The system will not measure the
density of the traffic before giving the signals.
Since the time slot does not changes according
01.(h)
Sol: Time domain specifications (or) transient
response parameters:
c(t)
Mp
c(tp)
5%
2%
1
0.5
ts
td tr tp
ts
Delay time (td): It is the time taken by the

response to change from 0 to 50% of its
final/steady state value.
c( t )
t td
0.5
1 0 .7
n
Rise time (tr): It is the time taken by the
response to reach from 0 to 100%. Generally
10% to 90% for over damped and 5% to 95%
for critically damped system is defined.
td
c(t )
t tr
1 1
tr
e n t r
1 2
sin( d t r ) 1
:7:
Peak time (tp): It is the time taken by the
response to reach the maximum value.
dc(t)
0,
tp
dt t t p
d
Time period of damped oscillations is
equal to the twice of the peak time = 2tp
Maximum (or) Peak overshoot (Mp): It is
the maximum error at the output
Mp e
1 2
COV 1 Solutions
02. (b)
Sol: Fourier coefficient an:
f (t)
n 0
T0 / 2
f (t ) cos(2nf
T0 / 2
T0 / 2 n 0
t ) dt
cos2 (2nf 0 t )
b n cos(2nf 0 t ) sin( 2nf 0 t )dt

T0
100%
c( )
If the input is doubled, then the steady
state and peak values double, therefore
magnitude of Mp doubles but % Mp remains
constant.
Settling time (ts): It is the time taken by the
response to reach 2% or 5% tolerance
band as shown in the fig above.
n t s
= 5% (or) 2%
i.e.., e
3
for 5% tolerance band.
ts
n
4
for 2% tolerance band
ts
n
If increases, rise time, peak time increases
and peak overshoot decreases.
02. (a).
Sol: Given impulse response is, h(t) = et u(t).
Inverse of the system is hI(t) = k1(t) + k2 t
1
and Hs
s 1
By applying Laplace transform,
Hinv(s) = K1+sK2
By given H(s) . Hinv(s) = 1
K 1 sK 2
1 To make this K1= K2 = 1
s 1
T0 / 2
,
c( t p ) c( )
cos (2 n f 0 t ) b n sin (2 n f 0 t )
Multiply both sides by cos (2nf0t) and

T
T
integrate from 0 to 0
2
2
M p c( t p ) 1
%M p
1 cos (2 2nf 0 t )
T0 2 n 0
b n cos(2nf 0 t ) sin( 2nf 0 )dt
T0 / 2
an
a
dt n
2
2
T0 / 2
T0 / 2
T0 / 2
cos(2 2nf
t )dt
T0 / 2
cos(2nf 0 t ) sin( 2nf 0 t )dt
T0 / 2
2
an
T0
an
T0 0 0
2
T0 / 2
f t cos 2nf t dt
0
T0 / 2
02. (c)
Sol: Sampling Theorem:
Sample the signal g(t) instantaneously and
at a uniform rate, once every Ts seconds.
We refer to Ts as the sampling period, and
to its reciprocal 1/Ts as the sampling rate.
This ideal form of sampling is called
instantaneous sampling.
g(t)
:8:
g(t)

cascade with the low-pass reconstruction
filter.
02. (d)
Sol: Given signal x(t) is shown below
x(t)
t
Ts
Fig.1
Sampling theorem for bandlimited signals
of finite energy.
4
2
A bandlimited signal of finite energy,

which has no frequency components higher
than W hertz, is completely described by
specifying the values of the signal at instants
of time separated by 1/2W seconds.
OR
A band-limited signal of finite energy,
which has no frequency components higher
than W hertz, may be completely recovered
from a knowledge of its samples taken at the
rate of 2W per second.
Flat-Top sampling:
The analog signal g(t) is sampled
instantaneously at the rate 1/Ts ,and the
duration of each sample is lengthened to T .
The flat-top sampled signal s(t) is shown in
Fig.2
s(t)
g(t)
x(t) = 2 [u(t) u(t2)]+(2t2) [u(t2)

u(t 3)]+(2t+10) [u(t3)u(t4)]+2[u(t
4)u(t6)].
= 2 u(t) + u (t2) [2t22]+u(t3)
[2t+102t+2] + u (t4) [210+2t]
2u(t6)
x ( t ) 2 u t 2 r t 2 4 r t 3 2 r t 4 2 u t 6
03. (a)
Sol:
As we know u(t)*u(t) = r(t) = tu(t)
x t * h t u t u t 1 2u t 2 * u t 1 u t 4
u t * u t 1 u t * u t 4 u t 1 * u t 1 u t 1
* u t 4 2u t 2 * u t 1 2u t 2 * u t 4
rt 1 rt 4 rt 2 rt 5 2rt 3 2rt 6
r t 1 r t 2 2r t 3 r t 4 r t 5 2r t 6
3
0
T
Ts
2
t
Fig. 2
By using flat-top samples, amplitude

distortion as well as a delay of T/2
are introduced. This effect is similar to the
variation in transmission with frequency that
is caused by the finite size of the scanning
aperture in television and facsimile.
Accordingly, the distortion caused by
lengthening the samples, is referred to as the
aperture effect. This distortion may be
corrected by connecting an equalizer in
2
5 6
4
3
03. (b). 1
Sol: Given
Input of system is, x(t) = et u(t)
Output of system is, y(t) = e2t u(t) + e3tu(t)
Frequency response of the system is,
1
1
Y 2 j 3 j
H ( )
1
X
1 j
:9:
1 j5 2 j
j2 5 j 6
COV 1 Solutions
I.R h t 2t e 2 t u t 2e 3 t u t
1
2
2 j 3 j
By applying Inverse Laplace Transform
2
03. (c)
Sol: The differential equation is given by
dy( t )
4 y( t ) x ( t )
dt
Apply Fourier transform to the above
differential equation
jY () 4Y () X ()
Y()
1
H()
X() 4 j
Sin 0t
H()
1
16 6
1
1
0.051
370.9456 19.25
6
H0 tan 1 tan 1 1.5
4
= 78.010= 0.43
y(t) = 0.075 sin(4 t 72.340)
+0.05cos(6 t+ /4 78.010)
H o . sin o t H o
Given x(t) =sin4 t + cos (6 t+ /4)

1
H()
, H = tan-1( / 4)
16 2
1
At 0 = 4 ; H 0
2
16 4
1
1
0.075
173.913 13.18
4
H o tan 1
4
1
tan 72.346 0 0.4
At 0=6 H0
= 0.075sin (4 t 0.4 )
+0.05cos (6 t+
0.43)
4
03. (d)
Sol: Apply z transform to the given differential
equation
Yz 0.8z 1Yz 0.6z 2 Yz 0.4z 3 Yz
0.4Xz 0.6z 1Xz z 2 Xz 0.8z 3 Xz
Yz 0.4 0.6z 1 z 2 0.8z 3
Xz 1 0.8z 1 0.6z 2 0.4z 3

No. of delays = No. of state variables = 3
q1(n), q2 (n), q3(n) are state variables.
Hz
: 10 :
x[n]
q3(n+1)
0.4
y[n
]

04.(a)
Sol:
2
z-1
0.8
0.6
q3(n)=q2(n+1)
0.5
0.6
1
z
-1
V2
V3
i1
z-1
V1
0.5
+
2V
q2(n)=q1(n+1)
+
2V
1
1A
0.8
0.4
q1(n)
V3 = 2V
Apply KCl at Node V1
V1 2 V1 V2 V1 2
q 2 n 1 q 3 n
0
0 .5
1
2
q1 n 1 q 2 n
V 2
yn 0.4q 3 n 1 0.6q 3 n q 2 n 0.8q1 n
2V1 4 V1 V2 1
0
2
yn 0.4 0.4q1 n 0.6q 2 n 0.8q 3 n x n
4V1 8 + 2V1 2V2 +V1 2 = 0
0.6q 3 n q 2 n 0.8q1 n
7V1 2V2 = 10 ---- (1)
Apply KCl at Node V2.
yn 0.161 n q1 n 0.24q 2 n 0.32q 3 n
V2 V1 V2 2 V2
0.4 x n 0.6q 3 n q 2 n 0.8q1 n
1 0
1
1
0 .5
yn 0.64q1 n 0.76q 2 n 0.28q3 n 0.4xn
V2 V1 V2 2 2V2 1 0
----- (2)
V1 4V2 3
Q(n+1) = AQ(n) + Bx(n)
Solve for (1) & (2)
23
31
y(n) = CQ(n) + Dx(n)
V1 =
, V2
13
26
V
V
15
1
0 q1 n 0
q1 n 1 0
2
i1 = 1
A 0.577 A
q n 1 0
1
26
0
1
q
n
0
x
n
2

2
04.(b)
q3 n 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 q3 n 1
Sol: Use thevenins Theorem
q 3 n 1 0.4q1 n 0.6q 2 n 0.8q 3 n x n
q1 n
yn 0.64 0.76 0.28q 2 n 0.4x n
q 3 n
1
0
0
A 0
0
1
0.4 0.6 0.8
0
B 0 ; C 0.64 0.76 0.28
1
D 0.4
I1 5
10 I1
+
12V
VTh
12A
1
+
20V
by using Nodal analysis at Node A

V 12
= 12
5
V 12 = 60
V = 72
I1 =
12 72 60
= 12 A
5
5
10 I1 = 10 12 = 120 V
Finding Vth by applying KVL in Loop
: 11 :
72 ( 120) Vth 20 = 0
72 + 120 20 = Vth
Vth = 172 V
Finding Rth by disabling all sources.
No Independent source, so by applying current
of 1 A across 1 & 2
I1 5
10 I1
1
+
V
By applying KVL in Loop.

5 I1 10 I1 V I1 = 0
5 + 10 V + 1 = 0
V = 16
172V
V
RTh = = 16
2
1A
16
+
I = 8.6A
04. (c)
Sol:
12s 1
Is
ss 2 s 3 Vs
V(t) = (t); V(s) = 1
12s 1
Is
ss 2 s 3
A
B
C
Is
s s2 s3
12s 1
A Lt sIs Lt
s 0
s 0 s 2 s 3
121
2
23
12 1
B Lt s 2 Is
6
s 2
23 2
C 8
2
6
8
Is
s s2 s3
i(t) = 2u (t) + 6e2t u(t) 8e3tu(t)
if v(t) = u(t)
V(s) = 1/s
12s 1
Is 2
s s 2 s 3
A B
C
D
2
s
s s2 s3
Ys
COV 1 Solutions
121
2
s0
23
12 1
C Lt s 3Is
3
s0
22 1
12 2 8
D Lt s 3Is
s 3
9 1 3
d 12s 1
B Lt
s 0 ds s 2 s 3
A Lt s 2 Is
s 2 s 3 s 12s 5
12
s 2s 32
65 1
12
2
2 3 3
I(s) = 2t u(t) + 1/3 u(t) 3e2tu(t) + 8/3e3t u(t)

04. (d)
Sol:
KCL at node 1 gives
i(t) = iR + iC
et U(t) = v(t) 2+j---(1)
The Fourier transform is given by
1
Let U(t) =
1 j
Lv(t) = V(j)
Taking the Fourier transform on both sides of
equation (1).
1
V( j)2 j
1 j
1
V(j) =
1 j2 j
1
1
1 j 2 j
1
0 .5
1 j 1 j / 2
Talking the inverse Fourier
transform
t
-2t
-1 V j e e
V(t) = L
volts.
05. (a)
Sol:
In many practical situations, a circuit is
designed to provide power to a load. There are
applications in areas such as communications
where it is desirable to maximize the power
delivered to a load. We now address the
problem of delivering the maximum power to
V(j) =
: 12 :
a load when given a system with known
internal losses. It should be noted that this will
result in significant internal losses greater than
or equal to the power delivered to the load.
P
RTh
a
i
VTh
Pmax
RL
RTh
RL
Fig. (b) Power
delivered to the load
as a function of RL
b
Fig. (a) The circuit used for
maximum power transfer
The Thevenin equivalent is useful in finding

the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a
load. We assume that we can adjust the load
resistance RL. If the entire circuit is replaced by its
Thevenin equivalent except for the load, as shown
in fig, the power delivered to the load is

RL = RTh ---(2)
Showing that the maximum power transfer takes
place when the load resistance RL equals the
Thevenin resistance RTh. We can readily confirm
that equation (2) RL = RTh gives the maximum
power by showing that d2P/dR2L 0
The maximum power transferred is obtained by
substituting for
V2
pmax = Th --- (3)
4R Th
Equation
(3)
applies
only
when
RL= RTh, where RL RTh we compute the
power delivered to the load using equation (1).
05. (b)
Sol: When switch is in position 1 for long time. It
will go to steady state condition inductor will
acts as a short circuit .
VTh
R L --- (1)
P i R L
R Th R L
For a given circuit, VTh and RTh are fixed. By
varying the load resistance RL, the power delivered
to the load varies as sketched in fig (b) . we notice
from fig (b) that the power is small for small or
large values of RL but maximum for some value of
RL between 0 and . We now want to show that this
maximum power occurs when RL is equal to RTh.
This is known as the maximum power theorem.
25
Maximum power is transferred to the load

when the load resistance equals the Thevenin
resistance as seen from the load (RL= RTh).
To prove the maximum power transfer theorm. We
differentiate P with respect to RL and set the result
equal to zero. We obtain.
R Th R L 2 2R L R Th R L
dP
2
VTh
dR L
R Th R L 4
(R Th R L 2R L )
2
VTh
0
3
R
Th
L
This implies that

0 = (RTh + RL 2RL) = (RTh RL)
Which yields
50V
iL(0)
Current through inductor I L
V 50
2A
R 25
i L 0 i L 0 2A
When switch moved to position (2)
Inductor acts as a current source of 2A
25
100/S
iL(0)
2s
By converting inductor current and inductor

parallel network into series it will look like
25
100/S
4
+
2S
: 13 :
COV 1 Solutions
05.(c)
Sol: figures shows the transformed network of
1
1
1
1 2
C s 2
R3
1
1
S 1
1/S
S
Figure is further simplified to as shown in

above figure
S+1
+
S 1
Thevenins impedance ZTH
s 1s 1 s 1s 1
ZTH Z xy
s 1 s 1
2s 1
s 1
Open-Circuit VoltageVOC
1
Voc =
2s 1
I R3
B s 12
s
s2
s 1s 1s 2
A
B
C
2
s 1 s 1
s2
s
s 1s 1s 2 s 1
s 1
s 21 s 1
s 22 s 1
s 2s
s 22
s 1
s 22
s 1
1 22
I R 3 s
2
1
2
2
s 1 s 1
s2
or
i R 3 t 2e t te t 2e 2 t u t
05. (d)
Sol:
Fs 2s 1s 3 K 0
K K2
1
s 2s 6 s s 2 s 6
s
2s 1s 3
1
K0
s 2 s 6 s 0 2
2 12
Therefore,
1
VOC
2s 1
Z TH Z L s 1 s 1
2
s
1
2s 1
2
s s 2s 2
2s
s
2
s 1 s 3s 2
d s

ds s 2 s 1
S1
s 1 s 2 s 2
d

s
A s 12
2
s 1 s 2 s 1
ds
X
S+1
s
2
2s 1s 3
1
K1
ss 6 s 2 4
2s 1s 3
5
K2
ss 2 s 6 4
1
1
5
Fs 2
4
4
s
s s2 s6
1
5
s
s
1
4
4
Fs
2 s2 s6
: 14 :
if F(s) is an impedance function, i.e.,
1
5
s
s
1
4
4
Zs
,
2 s2 s6
Step 2: Eliminating the feedback path

H2
C(s)
R(s)
1
G3
+
G1
+
G2
+
+
1
1
K1 4 1
R 0 K 0 ; R1 K1; L1
H:
H1
2
4
1 2 8
H1
5
5
K2 4
5
G4
R 2 K 2 ; L 2

H
4
2 6 24
The foster form I synthesized network is
shown in Fig. (a).
Step 3: Shifting the branch point after the
1/4
5/4
1/2
block
ZRL (s)
1/8H
H2
5/24H
R(s)
+
if F(s) is an admittance function, i.e.

1
5
s
s
1
4
4
Y(s)
2 s2 s6
4/5
1/8F
5/24F
G3
1 G 2 H1
C(s)
+
G4
5
1
4
K
5
R2
; C 2 2 4
F
K2 5
2 6 24
YRC (s)
2
G2
G1
H1
1
1
1
K1 4 1
R0
2; R 1
4; C1
F;
K0
K1
1 2 8
++
Step 4: Combining the blocks in cascade

and eliminating feedback path
H2
R(s)
G1
G2
C(s)
+
G3
1 G 2 H1
H1
1/G3
G4
06.(a)
Sol:
Step1: Splitting the summing point and
rearranging the branch points
Step5: Combining the blocks in cascade and

eliminating feedback path
H2
R(s)
R(s)
G1
C(s)
G2
G3
G1
G 2G 3
1 G 2 H1 G 2 G 3 H 2
C(s)
+
+
H1/G3
H1
G4
G4
: 15 :
Step 6: Eliminating forward path
COV 1 Solutions
06.(c)
20 (s 2)
s (s 1) (s 3)
Let us assume unity feedback system,
H(s) = 1
The open loop system has a pole at
origin. Hence it is a type-1 system. In
systems with type number 1, the
velocity (ramp) input will give a constant
steady state error.
The steady state error with unit
1
velocity input, ess =
Kv
Velocity error constant, Kv= Lt sG(s) H(s)
Sol: (i) G (s)

R(s)
G1G 2G 3
1 G 2 H1 G 2G 3H 2 G1G 2 H1
C(s)
++
G4
C(s)
G1G 2G 3
G4
R (s) 1 G 2 H1 G 2G 3H 2 G1G 2 H1
06.(b)
Sol: The characteristic equation of the system is
s5+4s4+8s3+8s2+7s+4=0.
The given characteristic polynomial is 5th
order equation and so it has 5 roots.
s5 : 1 8 7
s4 : 1 2 1
s3 : 1 1
s2 : 1 1
s1 :
s0 : 1
When 0, there is no sign change in the
first column of routh array. But we have a
rows of all zeros (s1 row or row-5) and so there
is a possibility of roots on imaginary axis. This
can be found from the roots of auxiliary
polynomial. Here the auxiliary polynomial is
given by s2 row.
The auxiliary polynomial is, s2 + 1 = 0;
s2 = 1 or s = 1 = j1
The roots of auxiliary polynomial are +j1, and
j1, lying on imaginary axis. The roots of
auxiliary polynomial are also roots of
characteristic equation. Hence two roots of
characteristic equation are lying on imaginary
axis and so the system is limitedly or
marginally stable. The remaining three roots of
characteristic equation are lying on the left
half of s-plane.
s 0
Kv = Lt sG(s)
s 0
20(s 2)
20 2
40
=
=
s 0 s (s 1) (s 3)
1 3
3
3
1
Steady state error, ess =
=
= 0.075
K v 40
10
(ii) G (s)
(s 2) (s 3)
H(s) = 1
The open loop system has no pole at
systems with type number 0, the step
input will give a constant steady state
error.
= Lt s
The steady state error with unit step input,

1
ess =
1 Kp
Position error constant,
Kp = Lt G(s) H(s)
s 0
10
10
5
=
=
s0
s0 (s 2) (s 3)
23 3
1
1
=
1 Kp 1 5
3
3
3
=
= = 0.375
35
8
Lt G s = Lt
: 16 :
10
s (s 1) (s 2)
H(s) = 1.
The open loop system has two poles at
systems with type number-2, the
acceleration (parabolic) input will give a
constant steady state error.
The steady state error with unity
(iii) G (s)
1
acceleration input, e ss
.
Ka
Acceleration error constant,

Ka = Lt s2 G(s) H(s)
s 0
s 0
10
10
=
=5
s 0
s (s 1) (s 2) 1 2
1
1
= = 0.2
5
Ka
(s 60) (s 10) 0.2 s (s 10) 1.2 s (s 60)

s (s 60) (s 10)
2
2
2
s 70s 600 0.2 s 2s 1.2s 72s
s (s 60) (s 10)
600
s (s 60) (s 10)
1
600
=
s (s 60) (s 10)
Since input is unit step, R(s) = 1/s
60
C(s) = R(s)
(s 60) (s 10)
= R(s)
600
s 2 70s 600
The closed loop transfer function of the

C(s)
600
system,
2
R (s) s 70s 600
2n = 600
n =
70
70
1.43
2 n 2 24.49
600 = 24.49 rad/sec.
07. (a)
Sol: (i) The sensitivity of overall transfer function
(M) w.r.t. forward path transfer function (G) is
given by
1
1 G (s)H(s)
06.(d)
Sol: Given that, c(t) = 1+0.2e60t 1.2 e10t
On taking Laplace transform of c(t) we get,
1
1
1
C(s) = 0.2
1 .2
s
(s 60)
(s 10)
=
The damping ratio and natural frequency of

oscillation can be estimated by comparing the
system transfer function with standard form of
second order transfer function.
600
2n
C(s)
= 2
2
2
R (s) s 2 n s n
s 70s 600
On comparing we get, 2n = 70 and
S GM
= Lt s2 G(s)
= Lt s 2
Put
1
s 2 2s
2
25
1
0.25 s 2s 6.25
s(s 2)
s j
S GM
2 j2
2 j2 6.25
Put
S GM
12 j2 1
12 j2 1 6.25
1 j2
0.398
5.25 j2
(ii) The sensitivity of overall transfer function
(M) w.r.t. feedback path transfer function
(H) is given by
SM
H
G (s)H(s)
1 G (s)H(s)
25
0.25
6.25
s(s 2)
2
25
1
0.25 s 2s 6.25
s(s 2)
Put
s = j
6.25
SM
H
2
j2 6.25
put 1
SMH
6.25
6.25
1.11
1 j2 1 6.25
5.25 j2
2
: 17 :
07.(b)
Sol:
The nodes are assigned at input, output, at
every summing point and branch point as
shown in figure.
G1
G2
C(s)
Since there are no part of the graph which is

non-touching with forward path-1 and 2,
1 = 2 = 1
Transfer Function, T
By Masons gain formula the transfer
function, T is given by,
1
1
T = P K K =
[P11 + P22]
G3
R(s)
COV 1 Solutions
2
H
=
The signal flow graph of the above system is
shown in figure.
G3
1
R(s)
1
G1
G2
4
C(s)
R (s)
Forward Paths:
There are two forward paths
K=2
Let the forward path gains be P1 and P2
R(s)
1
3
G2
G1
C(s)
6
G3
R(s)
1
C(s)
6
Gain of forward path-1, P1 = G1G2

Gain of forward path-2, P2= G3
Individual Loop Gain
There is only one individual loop. Let the
individual loop gain be P11
Loop gain of individual loop-1,
P11 = G1H
1
G1
2
s(s 3)
2
1
.1
s(s 3)
or
C(s)
2
2
R (s) (s 3s 2)
It is noted that the denominator of the above

expression can be factored as [(s+1)(s+2)]
07.(c)
Sol: The overall transfer function for the system is
C(s)
G 1G 2 G 3
1 G 1H
C(s) R (s)
(s 1)(s 2)
As the input is a unit step

R (s) 1 / s
1
2
C(s) .
s (s 1)(s 2)
The R.H.S. of the above expression can be
expanded into partial fraction as follows:
1
2
K
K2
K3
.
1
s (s 1)(s 2)
s (s 1) (s 2)
The coefficients K1 , K 2 and K 3 can be
determined as
K1 1, K 2 2 and K 3 1
1
2
1
C(s)
s (s 1) s 2
Taking inverse Laplace transform on both
sides, c( t ) 1 2e t e 2 t u t .
Gain Products of Two Non-touching Loops

There are no combinations of non-touching
loops.
Calculations of and K :
= 1 [P11] = 1 + G1H
07.(d)
Sol: The overall Transfer function is given by
K
s(sT 1)
C(s)
K/T
K
R (s)
2 1
K
.1 s s
1
T
T
s(sT 1)
: 18 :
The characteristic equation is
1
K
s2 s 0
T
T
Let K 2 be the forward path gain when

M p 2 20% and the corresponding damping
n K / T and 2 n 1 / T
1 1
1
1
1
.
.
T 2n T 2 K / T 2 KT
Let K1 be the forward path gain when
M p1 60% and the corresponding damping
ratio be 1.
Since
M p1 e
or
1 12
100%
log e (0.6)
or
0.51
60 e
1
1 12
1
1 12
1
1 12
100
ratio be 2 .
Since
M p2 e
100%
1
1
1 .
2 K1T
20 e
2
1 22
100
1
1
2 .
2 K 2T
and
2 K 2T
1 1
1
.
2 2 K 1T
1
.1
0.512
2 (1 12 )
From the above relation the value of 2 can be

calculated as
2 0.447
Assuming time constant T to be constant
log e (e)
2
1
2
1 22
Hence,
K 2 1 0.158
1

.
K1 2 0.447
8
2
or
12 0.026(1 12 )
or
12 0.025
1 0.158

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