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ANIONS: CO32- , S2- , SO32- , SO42- , NO2- , NO3- , Cl- , Br2- , PO43- , CH3COOCATIONS: Pb2+ ,Hg2+ ,Cu2+ ,Cd2+ , Ag+ ,As3+ Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Co2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Mg2+ , NH4+
PRELIMINARY
TESTS
Test mentioned next to group is the preliminary test; the ones mentioned under bold letters is
confirmatory tests for it.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
(ANIONS)
This part is the classified into three groups:
The acid radicals involved in this group are carbonate(CO32-), Sulphide(S2-), Sulphite(SO32-),
Thiosulphate (S2O32-) and nitrite(NO2-). The group reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid.
Carbonate , (CO32-)
EXPERIMENT
Observation
Effervescence or evolution of
Colourless, odourless gas
INFERENCE
1st group of acid radicals is
present
Carbonate may be. Note If
Note: ifNo
2
On prolonged passage of carbon the turbidity slowly disappears
dioxide in lime water,
3
CO32-confirmed
CO32-confirmed
Sulphide (S2-)
EXPERIMENT
Observation
2. WE + lead acetate
(aq)
INFERENCE
Sulphide S
2-
may be
Sulphide S
2-
may be
Sulphide S
2-
confirmed
Sulphide S
2-
confirmed
Sulphite (SO32-)
(i)Pinch of salt + Dil H2SO4
(II)the gas through acidified K2Cr2O7
solution.
(iii)the gas evolved + Lime water
1. WE + BaCl2 (aq) =
SULPHITE (SO32- )
CONFIRMED
2. WE + acidified K2Cr2O7
SULPHITE (SO32- )
CONFIRMED
Acetate (CH3COO- )
Dry Salt +Dil.H2SO4 or dil. HCl
1Dry Salt +oxalic acid + 2-3 drop water On rubbing the paste Strong
vinegar like smelling
Acetate is confirmed
Acetate is confirmed
ethanol
Nitrite (NO2-)
Pinch of salt + Dil H2SO4
starch soln
soda extract
EXPERIMENT
Pinch of Salt + Conc. H2SO4 and heat
Observation
Effervescence with colourless or
coloured gases
Chloride (Cl-)
Pinch of Salt + Conc. H2SO4 and
heat
above gas + glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
(i) Silver Nitrate test: soda
INFERENCE
2nd group Acid radical is
present
Colourless gas with a pungent smell is The Acid radical may be Clexpelled
gives dense white fumes when a glass rod The Acid radical may be Cl
dipped in ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
is exposed.
White
ppt.
is
formed
then ppt. is soluble in NH4OH.
Chloride is confirmed.
Chloride is confirmed
Chloride is confirmed.
Bromide (Br-)
Pinch of Salt + Conc. H2SO4 and heat
Iodide (I-)
3
Bromide is confirmed.
Bromide is confirmed.
EXPERIMENT
Pinch of Salt + Conc. H2SO4 and heat
solution
Observation
INFERENCE
The acid radical may be I-
Violet vapours.
I- is confirmed
AgI
Gives brown ppt. consisting of a
I- is confirmed
Nitrate (NO3-)
Pinch of Salt + Conc. H2SO4 and heat
(i)Pinch of Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + copper tube and brown fumes get intensify
turning and heat
(ii)Brown ring test: soda extract + 2
A brown ring is formed at the
junction of two liquids.
or 3 drops of conc. H2SO4, and cool.
Add freshly prepared
FeSO4 solution on the sides of the test
tube.
Nitrate is confirmed
Nitrate is confirmed.
No observation
No observation
White ppt. of barium sulphate
(SO42-) may be
(SO42-) confirmed
BaSO4
insoluble in warm dil. HCl
(SO42-) confirmed
Yellow ppt
(SO42-) confirmed
Sulphate (SO42-) is
confirmed
Phosphate (PO43-) is
confirmed.
GROUP
RADICALS
2+
Pb
2+
II
Pb
III
Al
IV
2+
Zn
,Hg
3+
,Cu
2+
,Fe
2+
Mg
, Fe
,Co
,Sr
,Cd
2+
3+
2+
2+
2+
,Mn
Ca
VI
,Ag
2+
2+
GROUP REAGENTS
2+
NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH
2+
,Ni
2+
,Ba
, NH4
-Nil-
Ammonium (NH4+)
EXPERIMENT
(a) Salt + NaOH solution and heat it.
Expose a glass rod dipped in conc.
HCl to the gas and moist red litmus
paper.
(b) Original solution + Nesselers
reagent.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
NH4+ is confirmed.
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Plumbus (Pb2+)
(1) Original solution + Dilute HCl
Filter and add water to ppt.
and heat
May be Pb2+
May be Ag+
Pb2+ is confirmed.
Pb2+ is confirmed
Silver (Ag+)
(1) Original solution + Potassium
Chromate solution
(2)Original solution + KI sol.
Ag+ is confirmed
Ag+ is confirmed.
Cadmium (Cd2+)
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
May be Cd2+
May Pb2
Hg2+Cu2+
hydroxide
INFERENCE
Cd2+ is
confirmed.
Arsenic (As3+)
EXPERIMENT
(a) Original solution + Dilute HCl
+ H2S gas.
OBSERVATION
A YELLOW ppt. is observed.
INFERENCE
May be As
May be As
As
3+
3+
3+
confirmed
EXPERIMENT
3+
As
confirmed
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Cupric (Cu2+)
(a) Original solution + Dilute HCl + H2S gas.
May be Cu2+
Cu2+ is confirmed.
W.E.+Potassium Iodide
Cu2+ is confirmed.
Mercuric (Hg2+)
(a) Original solution + Dilute HCl + H2S gas.
(b) Dissolve the black ppt. in aqua regia 2 +
1ml of distilled water, heat & add 2 drops
of SnCl2
Hg2+ is confirmed.
Bismuth (Bi+3)
O.S.+ NaOH:
White ppt ,
Soluble in acid
Bi+3
be
may
Bi+3 is
confirmed
Bi+3 is
confirmed
Bi+3 is
confirmed
If ferrous salt has been given,convert to ferric: OS + concHNO3 + heat = brown ppt; then do reaction with group
reagent
EXPERIMENT
(1) Original solution + NH4Cl(s) +
NH4OH in excess
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
May be Al3+
May be Fe2+
May be Fe3+
Aluminum (Al3+)
(1) Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess
solution
Above solution of + solid NH4Cl and heat
Al3+ is confirmed
Ferrous (Fe2+)
Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess
Fe2+ is
confirmed.
Ferric (Fe3+)
Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess + conc. HNO3
2 part + KCNS
Fe3+ is
confirmed.
Fe3+ is confirmed
Fe3+ is confirmed
EXPERIMENT
(1) Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess + H2S(g)
OBS
ERV
(a) a white ppt. is obtained
ATI
(b) Buff or pale pink
ON or flash
coloured ppt. soluble in dilute
HCl is obtained.
(c)Black precipitate NiS or CoS
INFERENCE
May be Zn2+,
May be Mn2+
May be Ni2+ or Co2+
Zinc (Zn2+)
Original solution + NH4Cl(s)
+ NH4OH in excess + H2S(g)
Dissolve the ppt. in dilute HCl and divide n two
part ,1st part + NaOH drop by drop.
2nd part + potassium ferrocynide
2+
The white ppt. is soluble in excess of Zn is confirmed
NaOH giving a colourless solution.
Zn2+ is confirmed
Zn2+ is confirmed
Manganese (Mn2+)
Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in excess +
H2S(g)
May be Mn2+
2+
(b) The white ppt. insoluble in excess Mn is confirmed
of
(2) O.S. + Br2 water.Boil and filter. The ppt. is NaOH but turns brown.
treated with conc. HNO3 and PbO2 or Pb3O4 (red
lead) The contents are heated. Keep the test
Mn2+ is confirmed
Purple
coloured
solution.
tube for sometime
If ppt is black [Co2+orNi2+] Dissolve ppt in aqua regia and evaporate sol to dryness to get residue:
Blue residue Co2+:and Yellow residue Ni2+
Nickel (Ni2+)
Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in excess +
H2S(g)
Black precipitate
Ni2+ may be
Ni2+ is confirmed.
Black ppt.
Ni2+ is confirmed.
Cobalt (Co2+)
9
May be Ni2+ or
Co2+
Black precipitate
yellow ppt
May be Ni2+ or
Co2+
Co2+ may be
Co2+ is
confirmed
Co2+ is
confirmed
EXPERIMENT
(1) Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess + (NH4)2 CO3 solution.
OBSERVATION
(a) A white ppt. is obtained.
INFERENCE
May be Ca2+, Sr2+ or
Ba2+
Barium (Ba2+)
(2) Dissolve the white ppt. obtained in small
amounts of dilute acetic acid. Divide the
solution in three parts.
Part (1) + Potassium chromate solution
(3)Flame tests: Make a paste of the given
salt with few drops of Conc. HCl in a watch
glass. Heat a Pt. wire in non luminous flame
till no colour is imparted to the flame. Dip
the Pt. wire in the paste and hold it in the
flame.
May be Ba2+
.
Ba2+ is confirmed.
Strontium (Sr2+)
(1) Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess + (NH4)2 CO3 solution.
10
Sr2+ is confirmed.
Calcium (Ca2+)
(1) Original solution + NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH in
excess + (NH4)2 CO3 solution.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Magnesium Mg2+
(1) Original solution + excess of NH4OH +
Ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate.
11
Mg2+ is confirmed.