ELE 447 MICROWAVE TECHNIQUES LABORATORY I

TRANSMISSION LINE AND WAVEGUIDE DESIGN

LAB PROJECT PART II

FALL 2015

GROUP MEMBERS:
BETL BAKAR
GZDE GNGR
REM KAYA
ARMAN EREN

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 5
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 5
ANALYTICAL CALCULATIONS RESULTS..................................................................... 5
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 41
LIST OF REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 41

List of Figures
Figure 1: Circuit of the microstrip transmission line ZL=0 ohm ........................................ 5
Figure 2: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz ..................................... 6
Figure 3: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz ........ 7
Figure 4: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency range is between 9.5 GHz and
10.5 GHz .................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 5: Input impedance versus frequency ....................................................................... 8
Figure 6: Input impedance is showed at Smih Chart .......................................................... 8
Figure 7: Circuit for the infinite load impedance................................................................. 9
Figure 8: Reflection coefficient when frequency is 10 GHz ................................................ 9
Figure 9:Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz .................................... 10
Figure 10: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz .... 10
Figure 11: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency range is between 9.5 GHz and
10.5 GHz .................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 12: Input impedance versus frequency ................................................................... 11
Figure 13: Input impedance is showed at Smih Chart ...................................................... 12
Figure 14: Circuit for the -j50 ohm load impedance.......................................................... 12
Figure 15: Reflection coefficient when frequency is 10 GHz............................................. 13
Figure 16: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz ................................. 13
Figure 17: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz .... 14
Figure 18: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz .... 14
Figure 19: Input impedance versus frequency ................................................................... 15
Figure 20: Input impedance is showed at Smith Chart ..................................................... 15
Figure 21: Circuit for the 75 ohm load impedance ........................................................... 16
Figure 22: Reflection coefficient when frequency is 10 GHz............................................. 16
Figure 23: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz ................................. 17
Figure 24: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz .... 17
Figure 25: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency range is between 9.5 GHz and
10.5 GHz .................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 26: Input impedance versus frequency ................................................................... 18
Figure 27: Input impedance is showed at Smith Chart ..................................................... 19
Figure 28: Circuit for the 50 ohm load impedance ........................................................... 19
Figure 29: Reflection coefficient when frequency is 10 GHz............................................. 20
Figure 30: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz ................................. 20
Figure 31: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz .... 21
2

Figure 32: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency range is between 9.5 GHz and
10.5 GHz .................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 33: Input impedance versus frequency ................................................................... 22
Figure 34: Input impedance is showed at Smith Chart ..................................................... 22
Figure 35: General circuit for the single stub short circuit matching .............................. 23
Figure 36: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to zero .............. 23
Figure 37: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is
zero. .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 38: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is zero ....... 24
Figure 39: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is zero
.................................................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 40: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to infinite ......... 25
Figure 41: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is
infinite ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 42: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is infinite .. 26
Figure 43: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is
infinite ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 44: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to j50 ohm ....... 27
Figure 45: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is j50
ohm .......................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 46: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is j50 ohm 28
Figure 47: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is j50
ohm .......................................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 48: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to 25 ohm......... 29
Figure 49: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is 25
ohm .......................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 50: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is 25 ohm .. 30
Figure 51: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is 25
ohm .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 52: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to 50 ohm......... 31
Figure 53: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is 50
ohm .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 54: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is 50 ohm .. 32
Figure 55: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is 50
ohm .......................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 56: Circuit of the transmission line with 50 ohm characteristic impedance........ 33
Figure 57: Return loss of the transmission line at between 0 GHz and 4 GHz ............... 34
Figure 58: For TE10 mode surface currents relative permittivity is 1 ............................ 34
Figure 59: For TE10 mode surface currents relative permittivity is 4 ............................ 35
Figure 60: For TE20 mode surface currents relative permittivity is 4 ............................ 35
Figure 61: For TE10 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 1 ......................... 36
Figure 62: For TE10 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 1 ..................... 36
Figure 63: For TE20 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 1 ......................... 36
Figure 64: For TE20 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 1 ..................... 37
Figure 65: For TE10 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 4 ......................... 37
Figure 66: For TE10 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 4 ..................... 37
Figure 67: For TE20 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 4 ......................... 38
3

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

68: For TE20 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 4 ..................... 38
69: For TE10 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 1 ......................... 38
70: For TE10 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 1 ..................... 39
71: For TE20 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 1 ......................... 39
72: For TE20 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 1 ...................... 39
73: For TE10 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 4 ......................... 40
74: For TE10 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 4 ...................... 40
75: For TE20 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 4 ......................... 40
76: For TE20 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 4 ...................... 41

ABSTRACT
In project part II, we analyze the designing microstrip transmission line, matched single stub
short circuit and rectangular waveguide in the simulation software of the microwave design.
Also we analyze the reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, return loss in some
frequency range and input impedance characteristic by frequency. After that, we analyzed the
changing of the reflection coefficient and voltage standing wave raito by using matched single
stub. We compare the obtaining some results by analytical solutions. Also we observe the
effect of the load impedance on the transmission line and microstrip transmission line
parameters such as voltage standing wave raito and reflection coefficient. Observing outputs
are supported by graphs and smith chart.
INTRODUCTION
First question, we designed microstrip transmission line by using AWR software for the given
some loads. Refleciton coefficient, input impedance and voltage standing wave ratio of these
lines are obtained at given frequency range. Second question, we designed the single stub
short circuit line for matching for given some load impedances. W compare the voltage
standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient of transmission line before and after single stub
matching. Third question, we designed the microstrip transmission line by AWR software
with given material parameters. Also we obtained the return loss for given frequency range.
ANALYTICAL CALCULATIONS RESULTS
1.
We designed the microstrip transmission line by using AWR software. We find and
draw the reflection coefficient and voltage standing wave ratio of microstrip transmission line
at 10 GHz frequency. We choose the wavelength as a 0.5 . After that, we simulate the circuit
between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz. Also we obtained the input impedance at this frequency
range.
a)
When load impedance is equal to the 0 ohm:

Figure 1: Circuit of the microstrip transmission line ZL=0 ohm

5

Figure 2: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz

Figure 3: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz

Figure 4: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency range is between 9.5 GHz and
10.5 GHz

Figure 5: Input impedance versus frequency

Figure 6: Input impedance is showed at Smih Chart

When ZL is equal to zero, reflection coefficient will be minus 1 and voltage standing wave
ratio will be infinite.

b)

When load impedance is equal to the infinite:

Figure 7: Circuit for the infinite load impedance

Figure 8: Reflection coefficient when frequency is 10 GHz

Figure 9:Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz

Figure 10: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz

10

Figure 11: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency range is between 9.5 GHz and
10.5 GHz

Figure 12: Input impedance versus frequency

11

Figure 13: Input impedance is showed at Smih Chart

When ZL is equal to infinite, reflection coefficient will be 1 and voltage standing wave ratio
will be infinite.
c)

When load impedance is equal to the j50 ohm:

Figure 14: Circuit for the -j50 ohm load impedance

12

Figure 15: Reflection coefficient when frequency is 10 GHz

Figure 16: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz

13

Figure 17: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz

Figure 18: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz

14

Figure 19: Input impedance versus frequency

Figure 20: Input impedance is showed at Smith Chart

When ZL is equal to j50, reflection coefficient will be minus j and voltage standing wave
ratio will be infinite.

15

d)

When load impedance is equal to the 75 ohm:

Figure 21: Circuit for the 75 ohm load impedance

Figure 22: Reflection coefficient when frequency is 10 GHz

16

Figure 23: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz

Figure 24: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz

17

Figure 25: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency range is between 9.5 GHz and
10.5 GHz

Figure 26: Input impedance versus frequency

18

Figure 27: Input impedance is showed at Smith Chart

When ZL is equal to 75 ohm, reflection coefficient will be 0.2 and voltage standing wave ratio
will be 1.5.
e)

When load impedance is equal to the 50 ohm:

Figure 28: Circuit for the 50 ohm load impedance

19

Figure 29: Reflection coefficient when frequency is 10 GHz

Figure 30: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency is 10 GHz

20

Figure 31: Reflection coefficient when frequency is between 9.5 GHz and 10.5 GHz

Figure 32: Voltage standing wave ratio when frequency range is between 9.5 GHz and
10.5 GHz

21

Figure 33: Input impedance versus frequency

Figure 34: Input impedance is showed at Smith Chart

When ZL is equal to 50 ohm, reflection coefficient will be zero and voltage standing wave
ratio will be 1. This condition is known as impedance matching.

22

2.
We designed the single stub short circuit line for matching by AWR software. Draw
and find the voltage standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient of transmission line before
and after matching by several load impedances. We take the frequency as 5 GHz and
characteristic impedance is equal to the 50 .

Figure 35: General circuit for the single stub short circuit matching

a)
When load impedance is equal to the 0 ohm: (length of the line is 34.6 mm and stub
length is 8.65 mm)
Before and after the matching transmission line, we obtain the voltage standing wave ratio
and reflection coefficient.

Figure 36: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to zero
23

Figure 37: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is
zero.

Figure 38: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is zero

24

Figure 39: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is zero

b)
When load impedance is equal to the infinite ohm: (length of the line is 34.6 mm and
stub length is 8.65 mm)

Figure 40: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to infinite

25

Figure 41: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is
infinite

Figure 42: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is infinite

26

Figure 43: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is
infinite

c)
When load impedance is equal to the j50 ohm: (length of the line is 12.97 mm and stub
length is 8.65 mm)

Figure 44: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to j50 ohm

27

Figure 45: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is j50
ohm

Figure 46: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is j50 ohm

28

Figure 47: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is j50
ohm

d)
When load impedance is equal to the 25 ohm: (length of the line is 4.84 mm and stub
length is 11.42 mm)

Figure 48: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to 25 ohm

29

Figure 49: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is 25
ohm

Figure 50: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is 25 ohm

30

Figure 51: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is 25
ohm
e)
When load impedance is equal to the 50 ohm: (length of the line is 17.3 mm and stub
length is 8.65 mm)

Figure 52: Reflection coefficient before the matching when load equal to 50 ohm

31

Figure 53: Voltage standing wave ratio before the matching when load impedance is 50
ohm

Figure 54: Reflection coefficient after the matching when load impedance is 50 ohm

32

Figure 55: Voltage standing wave ratio after the matching when load impedance is 50
ohm

3.
We designed the microstrip transmission line by 50 ohm characteristic impedance for
the Rogers 3003 material with
3 dielectric constant and 3.5 GHz frequency. We obtained
the return loss of the transmission line by using reflection coefficient with dB. We analyze the
system in 0 GHz and 4GHz frequency range.

Figure 56: Circuit of the transmission line with 50 ohm characteristic impedance

33

Figure 57: Return loss of the transmission line at between 0 GHz and 4 GHz
Return loss is the loss of power in the signal reflected by a discontinuity in a transmission
line. This discontinuity can be a mismatch with the terminating load in the line. Return loss is
usually expressed as a ratio in decibels (dB) by this equation [1] [2]:

10 log

Increasing the return loss corresponding to the lower standing wave ratio [1].
4.
We designed the rectangular waveguide with a=2.25 cm and b=1.00 cm dimensions in
CST software. We analyzed the TE10, TE20 and TM10 modes at 10 GHz.
a) For

=1 and f=10 GHz:

Figure 58: For TE10 mode surface currents relative permittivity is 1

34

For TM10 mode, modes can not be zero. So we can not obtain surface current on waveguide.
Also in TE20 mode, surface current cant obtained because of cut-off frequency of TE20 mode
is higher than the 10 GHz.
For

=4 and f=10 GHz:

Figure 59: For TE10 mode surface currents relative permittivity is 4

Figure 60: For TE20 mode surface currents relative permittivity is 4

When the relative permittivity is increased to 4, the cut-off frequency is decreased to half. So
we obtained the surface current in TE10 mode and TE20.

35

b) For

=1 and f=10 GHz:

Figure 61: For TE10 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 1

Figure 62: For TE10 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 1

Figure 63: For TE20 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 1
36

Figure 64: For TE20 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 1
For

=4 and f=10 GHz:

Figure 65: For TE10 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 4

Figure 66: For TE10 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 4

37

Figure 67: For TE20 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 4

Figure 68: For TE20 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 4
c) For

=1 and f=2 GHz:

Figure 69: For TE10 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 1

38

Figure 70: For TE10 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 1

Figure 71: For TE20 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 1

Figure 72: For TE20 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 1

39

For

=4 and f=2 GHz:

Figure 73: For TE10 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 4

Figure 74: For TE10 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 4

Figure 75: For TE20 mode electric field when relative permittivity is 4

40

Figure 76: For TE20 mode magnetic field when relative permittivity is 4

CONCLUSION
In this project part II, we learned the designing microstrip transmission line and single stub
short circuit line in AWR software. Also we learned the designing rectangular waveguide in
CST software. We use the our theoretical informations to obtaining practical simulations by
software AWR in digital environment. Also we compare the obtaining results by therotical
calculations [3].

LIST OF REFERENCES

[1] [evrimii]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_loss.

[2] [evrimii]. Available: http://www.commscope.com/Blog/Back-to-Basics-inMicrowave-Systems-Return-Loss-and-VSWR/.
[3] D. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons., 2009.

41