Heat Engines

A machine or device which derives heat from

the combustion of fuel and converts part of this
energy into mechanical work is called a heat
engine.

Gun Shoot

Rocket Launch

Heat Engines

Heat engines may be classified into two main classes as

follows:
1. External combustion engines
2. Internal combustion engines.
What are they and give examples of both.

2 and 4 stroke engines we will discuss are internal combustion

(IC) engines

Construction details of 2 stroke engine

1. Spark Plug or fuel nozzel

17. Inlet

3. Exhaust

16. Inlet
Valve

4. Exhaust Valve
5. Combustion space

16. Fins

6. Piston Ring

15. Piston

7. Cylinder
8. Gudgeon Pin

9. Connecting Rod
14. Crank
Case
13. Balance
Weight

10. Crank pin

11. Crank
12. Crankshaft

Construction details
of 4 stroke engine

2. Valve Spring

Intake
Valve

4 stroke engine
Exhaust Valve
Spark Plug

Clearance
Volume

Top Dead
center (TDC)
Connecting
Rod
Cylinder

Crank
Crank Shaft

Intake
Valve

4 stroke engine
Exhaust Valve
Spark Plug
Top Dead
center (TDC)
Connecting
Rod
Bottom Dead
center (BDC)

Volume
Swept

Clearance
Volume

Stroke:
(Movement of
piston from TDC
to BDC)
or
(Movement of
piston from BDC
to TDC)

Intake
Valve

4 stroke engine
Exhaust Valve
Spark Plug
Top Dead
center (TDC)
Connecting
Rod
Bottom Dead
center (BDC)

Volume
Swept

Clearance
Volume

Stroke:
(Movement of
piston from TDC
to BDC)
or
(Movement of
piston from BDC
to TDC)

TDC

BDC

Pressure (Pa)

PMax(d)
(c)

(e)

Patm (a)

(b)

(g)

Volume
Clearance
volume

Swept
volume

(f)

Pressure (Pa)

TDC
(c)

BDC
(d)

PMax
(e)

Patm (a)

(b)

(g)

Volume
Clearance
volume

Swept
volume

(f)

Construction details of 2 stroke engine

Working of 2 stroke engine

4 stroke Petrol
(otto) cycle

Real 4 stroke
Petrol cycle

4 stroke
Diesel cycle

Real 4 stroke
Diesel cycle

Q (Heat is
going in )

Air standard modeling of 4

stroke Petrol (otto) cycle with Q
and W

Q (Heat is
going out )

Petrol (otto) cycle

Define what is air

standard otto cycle

Air

Fig. p-V and T-s diagrams of a four stroke Otto cycle engine

Constant Volume or otto cycle efficiency

The above efficiency is called as efficiency or

thermal efficiency. Volumetric efficiency = actual
volume intake/swept volume

Constant Volume or otto cycle efficiency

= adiabatic
exponent or ratio
of specific heats

Compression
ratio

Pressure (Pa)

TDC
(c)

BDC
(d)

PMax
(e)

Patm (a)

(b)

(g)

Volume
Clearance
volume

Swept
volume

(f)

W (work is Q (Heat is
going out)

going in )

Air standard
modeling of 4
stroke Diesel cycle
with Q and W

Q (Heat is
going out )

Diesel cycle

Define what is air

standard Diesel cycle

Air

(a)

(b)

Fig. p-V and T-s diagrams of a four stroke Diesel cycle engine

Dual Cycle

Fig. p-V and T-s diagrams of a four stroke Dual cycle engine

Comparison Between 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines

Number of
revolutions required
for one power stroke
Weight of engine for
same power
Initial cost
Simplicity of
mechanism and
construction
Ease of starting
Over all Efficiency
Operating
temperature
Wear and tear

2 stroke
1

4 stroke
2

lighter

heavier

Lesser
More simpler

higher
Less simpler

Easier to start

Less easier to start

Lesser
More

More
less

More

Less

Comparison Between 2 stroke and 4

stroke engines
2 stroke
2

4 stroke
1

More
More

Less
Less

More

Less

Number of power
strokes in 2 cycles
Cooling requirement
Consumption of
lubricant oil
Noise created by
exhaust gases
Simplicity of
mechanism
Space requirement

More simpler

Less simpler

Less

more

Over all Efficiency

Lesser

More

Comparison Between petrol and diesel engines

What is sucked in
during suction stroke
Spark plug or fuel
injector
Spark ignition or
compression ignition
Thermal Efficiency
Running cost
Motor cycles or truck
Space
Volatility
Weight
Carburetor

Petrol

Diesel

Air-petrol Mixture

Air

Spark plug

Fuel Injector

Spark ignition

Compression ignition

Upto 25%
More
Motor cycle
Less
More
Light
Yes

Upto 40%
Less
Truck
More
less
Heavy
No

Classification of IC engines

Classification I.C. Engines (1)

According to:
1) Number
of cylinders
a) Single
cylinder
Engine
b) Multicylinder
Engine

Classification I.C. Engines (2)

Hot sunny
Summer

b)
a)

According to:
2) Method
of cooling
the cylinder
a) Air cooled
engine
b) Water
cooled
engine

Classification I.C. Engines (3)

According to:
3) Method
of Ignition
a) Spark
Ignition
b) Compression
ignition

Classification I.C. Engines (4)

According to:
4) Type of
fuel used
a) Gas
b) Petrol
c) Diesel

Classification I.C. Engines (5)

According to:
5) Number
of strokes
a) 2 Stroke
b) 4 stroke

Classification I.C. Engines (6)

According to:
6) Cycle of
operation
a) Otto cycle
b) Diesel cycle
c) Dual Cycle

According to the speed of the engine

a) Slow speed engines,
b) Medium speed engines, and
c) High speed engines.

Classification of I.C. Engines (contd..)

8. According to the method of fuel injection
a) Carburettor engines, and b) Air injection engines.
9. According to the arrangement of cylinders
a) Vertical engines, b) Horizontal engines, c) Radial engines,
d) In-line multi-cylinder engines, e) V-type multi-cylinder
engines,
f) Opposite-cylinder engines, and g) Opposite-piston engines.
10. According to the valve mechanism
a) Overhead valve engines, and b) Side valve engines.

Heat Engines
A machine or device which derives heat from the combustion of fuel and
converts part of this energy into mechanical work is called a heat engine.
Heat engines may be classified into two main classes as follows:

1. External combustion engines

2. Internal combustion engines.
External Combustion Engines
In this case, combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder
as in the case of steam engines where the heat of combustion is
employed to generate steam which is used to move a piston in a
cylinder. Other examples of external combustion engines are
hot air engines, steam turbine and closed cycle gas turbine.

Dual Cycle

MPFI Multi point fuel injection system

Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal
combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery
system used in automotive engines, having replaced
carburetors during the 1980s and 1990s. A variety of
injection systems have existed since the earliest usage of the
internal combustion engine.
The primary difference between carburetors and fuel
injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly
pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure, while
a carburetor relies on suction created by intake air
accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw the fuel into the
airstream.
Fuel injector is more precisely controlled than carburetor
hence is more efficient but is more expensive

Carburetor
Air and vaporized fuel mixture to the engine
Connected to
throttle control

Venturi
(accelerates air,
causing a pressure
drop, which pulls fuel
through the nozzle)
Carburetor Fuel
Supply

Fuel Nozzle

Outside air enters here

Fuel Injector System

Fuel Flow Divider
Fuel Injectors:
One Injector per cylinder
Air to Engine

Fuel Pump

Fuel / Air
Control Unit

Outside air enters here