Automatic

Street
Light

Introduction
Needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF. When there is a need of light
it automatically switches ON. When darkness rises to a certain level then sensor
circuit gets activated and switches ON and when there is other source of light i.e.
daytime, the street light gets OFF. The sensitiveness of the street light can also be
adjusted. In our project we have used four L.E.D as a symbol of street lamp, but for
high power switching one can connect Relay (electromagnetic switch) at the output
of pin 3 of I.C 555 that will make easy to turn ON/OFF any electrical appliances that
are connected through relay.
Aim
To construct an automatic street light circuit using IC 555
Component used :
9v Battery with strip
Switch
L.D.R (Light Depending Resistance)
I.C NE555 with Base
L.E.D (Light Emitting Diode) 3 to 6 pieces.
Variable Resistance of 47 K
P.C.B (Printed Circuit Board of 555 or Vero board.
Components in detail
9v Battery
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, in its most common form was introduced for
the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and
a polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie talkies,
clocks and smoke detectors. They are also used as backup power to keep the time
in certain electronic clocks. This format is commonly available in primary carbonzinc and alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable
form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury oxide
batteries in this form have not been manufactured in many years due to their

mercury content. This type is designated NEDA 1604, IEC 6F22 and "Ever Ready"
type PP3 (zinc-carbon) or MN1604[1] 6LR61 (alkaline).

Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5V LR61 cells
enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA cells and
can be used in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter.
Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moistureresistant wrapper to prevent drying.
L.D.R

A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing
incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor
can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated
switching circuits.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a

photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several megohms (M), while in the
light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If
incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by
the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction
band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor
can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors
may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor

has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example,
silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and
hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire
bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose
ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not
have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its
atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons
available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.
IC 555

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays,
as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing
circuits in one package.

Introduced in 1971 by American company Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread

use due to its low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many
companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it
was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.
The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which
was later acquired by Dutch company Philips Semiconductors (now NXP).

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors,

2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line
package (DIP-8).[2] Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two
555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four
slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR is falling edge
sensitive instead of level sensitive).

The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 C to +70 C, and the
SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, 55 C to +125 C.
These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive
epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V,
NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name
from the three 5 k resistors used within,[3] but Hans Camenzind has stated that
the number was arbitrary.[1]

Low-power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and CMOS
TLC555.[4] The 7555 is designed to cause less supply noise than the classic 555
and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor
and in many cases does not require a decoupling capacitor on the power supply.
Those parts should generally be included, however, because noise produced by the
timer or variation in power supply voltage might interfere with other parts of a
circuit or influence its threshold voltages.
Pins
The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows

Pi
n
1
2

3
4

5
6
7
8

Na
Purpose
me
GND Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)
TRIG The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls
below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 VCC, CTRL being 2/3
VCC by default if CTRL is left open).
OUT This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +VCC, or to GND.
RES A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the
ET
timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7
volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR.
CTR Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3
L
VCC).
THR The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR
("threshold") is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is open).
DIS
Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between
intervals. In phase with output.
VCC
Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V
depending on the variation.

Principle :
This circuit uses a popular timer I.C 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with
pin-6 connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin 2 is
at lower then 1/3rd level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low (0)
when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage of pin-2 is enough to
change the level of output (pin-3) from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two
states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate stage. It is powered by
a 6V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 4, 6
and 8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded. To detect the
present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light.

LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the
light which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total
darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It
responds to a large part of light spectrum. We have made a potential divider circuit
with LDR and 100K variable resistance connected in series. We know that voltage is
directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get from this divider
when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. This divided voltage is given
to pin 2 of IC 555. Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd
in brightness and fall below 1/3rd in darkness.

Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance. As soon as LDR gets dark
the voltage of pin 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED
or buzzer which is connected to the output gets activated.