A Fitting

A fitting is used in pipe systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to
different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow.
The term plumbing is generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in
ordinary domestic or commercial environments, whereas piping is often used to describe
high-performance (e.g. high pressure, high flow, high temperature, hazardous materials)
conveyance of fluids in specialized applications. The term tubing is sometimes used for
lighter-weight piping, especially types that are flexible enough to be supplied in coiled form.
Fittings (especially uncommon types) require money, time, materials, and tools to install, so
they are a non-trivial part of piping and plumbing systems.[1] Valves are technically fittings,
but are usually discussed separately

i.

Reducing coupling
Is used to join 2 different types of metal pipes dan PVC pipes which is in a same diameter

Picture 1 : Reducing coupling

ii. Coupling
Is to join a pipes in a same types and diameter.

Picture 2: Coupling
iii.

Union fitting
Used to connect two pipes of the same diameter without turning the existing pipe.

Picture 3 : Union Fitting

iv. Reducer
Used to connect different pipe sizes.

Picture 4 : Reducer
v. 90 Degrees Elbow
An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of
direction, usually a 90 or 45 angle, though 22.5 elbows are also made. The ends may be
machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends
differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.
Elbows are categorized based on various design features as below:

Long Radius (LR) Elbows radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter

Short Radius (SR) Elbows radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter

90 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 90

60 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 60

45 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 45

A 90 degree elbow is also called a "90 bend" or "90 ell". It is a fitting which is bent in such a
way to produce 90 degree change in the direction of flow in the pipe. It is used to change the
direction in piping and is also sometimes called a "quarter bend". A 90 degree elbow attaches
readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also attach to rubber with stainless
steel clamps. It is available in many materials like silicone, rubber compounds, galvanized
steel, etc. The main application of an elbow (90 degree) is to connect hoses to valves, water
pressure pumps, and deck drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon material or
NPT thread.

A 45 degree elbow is also called a "45 bend" or "45 ell". It is commonly used in water supply
facilities, food industrial pipeline networks, chemical industrial pipeline networks, electronic
industrial pipeline networks, air conditioning facility pipeline, agriculture and garden
production transporting system, pipeline network for solar energy facility, etc.
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius variants. The short radius elbows
have a center-to-end distance equal to the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) in inches, while the long
radius is 1.5 times the NPS in inches. Short elbows are widely available, and are typically
used in pressurized systems.
Long elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and other applications
where low turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids are of concern. They are
readily available in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for
DWV, sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and copper for
1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.

Picture 5 : 90 Degrees Elbows

vi. Tee fitting
A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent
weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. It
is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped
having two outlets, at 90 to the connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a
lateral outlet. A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the
direction of pipe runs. They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and
finishes. They are extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid
mixtures. They are categorized as:

Equal

Unequal

When the size of the branch is same as header pipes, equal tee is used and when the
branch size is less than that of header size, reduced tee will be used. Most common are tees
with the same inlet and outlet sizes. Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing
Tee, Double Branch Tee, Double Branch Reducing Tee, Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical

Tee, Bullhead Tee, Conical Reducing Tee, Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee, Tangential
Tee, and Double Branch Tangential Tee.
The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure. They can also be
classified on the basis of the application they are required to perform

Picture 6 : Tee
vii. Cross fitting
Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely through a tee,
the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often
have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends. Cross fittings can generate a
huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the center of
four connection points. A tee is more steady than a cross, as a tee behaves like a threelegged stool, while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool. (Geometrically, "any 3 noncollinear points define a plane" thus 3 legs are inherently stable.) Crosses are common in fire
sprinkler systems, where stresses caused by thermal expansion are not generally an issue,
but not in plumbing, due to their extra cost as compared to using two tees.

Picture 7 : Cross Fitting

viii. Plug
A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated
to. In a threaded iron pipe plumbing system, plugs have male threads. Some of the popular
types of plugs are:

Mechanical pipe plug

Pneumatic disk pipe plug

Single size pneumatic all rubber pipe plug

Multi-size pneumatic pipe plug

Multi-size flow-through pipe plug

High pressure pipe plug

Picture 8 : Plug
ix. Nipple/Lock Nut
A nipple is defined as being a short stub of pipe which has external male pipe threads at
each end, for connecting two other fittings. Nipples are commonly used for plumbing and
hoses, and second as valves for funnels and pipes. A short stub of pipe, usually
threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) or copper; occasionally just bare
copper.

Picture 9 : Nipple/ Lock Nut

x. Trap
In plumbing, a trap is a U-, S-, or J-shaped pipe located below or within a plumbing fixture.
The most common of these traps in houses is referred to as a P-trap. It is the addition of a 90
degree fitting on the outlet side of a U-bend, thereby creating a P-like shape. It is also
referred to as a sink trap because it is installed under most house sinks.
Because of its shape, the trap retains a small amount of water after the fixture's use. This
water in the trap creates a seal that prevents sewer gas from passing from the drain pipes
back into the occupied space of the building. Essentially allplumbing
fixtures including sinks, bathtubs, and toilets must be equipped with either an internal or
external trap.
Because it is a localized low-point in the plumbing, sink traps also tend to capture heavy
objects (such as jewelry) that are inadvertently dropped into the sink. Traps also tend to
collect hair, sand, and other debris and limit the ultimate size of objects that will pass on into

the rest of the plumbing, thereby catching over-sized objects. For all of these reasons, most
traps can either be disassembled for cleaning or they provide some sort of cleanout feature.

Picture 10 : Type of traps

xi. Valve
The valve used in domestic plumbing system to control the water flow rate, while the tap
water used to control production. Most valves and taps made of brass which is an alloy of
copper and zink . There is also a valve or tap coated with anti-rust materials such as
chromium, stainless steel, and PVC. Among the types of valves and taps used is
as follows:
Stop valves are closed by screwing a rubber gasket down onto a seat in the middle of the
valve. Pros only use small versions that act as shutoff valves for fixtures such as sinks and
toilets and outdoor sillcocks. Flow is inefficient because of the circuitous route the fluid
(water, in most cases) has to follow. It's important to orient the valve in the right direction with
the arrow (cast into the side of the valve) aligned with flow direction. That way, water flows
against the bottom of the rubber gasket. If the valve is put in backward, the flow will force the
gasket away from the top of the valve.
Gate valves are called "full-flow" valves; there's a direct unobstructed path for flow right
through the middle of the valve. A wedge-shaped brass gate is lowered into a machined slot
to close the valve. They should either be completely open or completely closed. Water
flowing through a partially open gate valve wears away the metal and causes the valve to fail
over time.
Ball valves contain a finely machined stainless steel ball with a hole drilled through the
center that pivots in plastic bushings. Like the gate valve, it's a full-flow valve. The hard steel
allows this valve to be partially open without wearing out. In the closed position, the lever is
perpendicular to the pipes; in the open position its parallel, so a glance will tell you if it's
open or not. The downside? If the pipes are tight against the wall, you may not be able to
operate the lever.

Picture 11 : Valve

Picture 12 : Type of Pipe