Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Nicolas Gisin
H. Deriedmatten, I. Marcikic, R. Thew, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden
Groupe de Physique Applique-unit dOptique
Universit de Genne
Polarized photon
( structured photon)
Unpolarized photon
( unstructured dust)
55 metres
2 km of
optical fibre
2 km of
optical fibre
Two entangled
photons
3
55 metres
2 km of
optical fibre
55 metres
Bell measurement
(partial)
the 2 photons
interact
4 possible results:
0, 90, 180, 270 degrees
5
55 metres
Bell measurement
(partial)
the 2 photons
interact
4 possible results:
0, 90, 180, 270 degrees
ct
e
f
Per
n
o
i
t
la
e
r
r
Co
The correlation is
independent of the quantum
state which may be unknown
or even entangled with a
fourth photon
6
Quantum teleportation
2 bits
U
Bell
EPR
( c 0 0 + c 1 1 ) ( 0 , 0 + 1 ,1 ) /
=
+
+
+
11
( (00, 0, 0 ++ 11,1,1 ) )
2 22
11
((00, 0, 0 11,1,1 ))
2 22
11
((00,1,1 ++ 11, 0, 0 ))
2 22
11
((00,1,1 11, 0, 0 ))
2 22
( c 0 0 + c1 1 )
( c 0 0 c1 1 )
123
( c1 0 + c 0 1 )
123
123
123
( c1 0 c 0 1 )
What is teleported ?
A Quantum Fax ?
0 0,0
1 1,1
0 + 1 0,0 + 1,1
( 0 + 1 )( 0 + 1 )
Source of
entangled
particules
Bob
clones
10
12
Entanglement
A density matrix is separable iff it decomposes in
product states with probabilit coefficients pj>0 :
= j p j jA Bj
is entangled iff it is not separable.
Given a , one knows of no constructive method to
determine wheher is separable or entanglement !
The partial transpose test :
If is seprable, then its partial transpose is
whre
pt
ab ,
a ,b
pt
Non-locality: definition
P (a , b | A, B )
probability
Events.
Not under human
control
Experimental settings.
Under human
control
Implications of entanglement
What
can
carry
the
Q
info
to
be
What can be teleported ?
teleported ?
Photon
Done
Atom
Probably soon !
Molecule
Virus
?? Possibly ??
Large object
Still science-fiction
16
Time-bin qubits
qubit :
= c0 0 + c1ei 1
0
0 i1
0 +1
0 1
2
2
0 +i1
2
= c0 0 + c1ei 1
Alice
1
h
variable coupler
Bob
D0
0
D1
switch
State preparation
switch
variable coupler
Projective measurement
18
s,i
laser
nonlinear
birefringent
crystal
filtre
Parametric fluorescence
Energy and momentum conservation
p = s + i
r
r r
k p = ks + ki
Energy conservation:
each photon from the pair has an uncertain frequency,
but the sum of the two frequencies is precisely that of the pump laser
each photon from the pair has an uncertain age,
but the ages difference is precisely zero
19
Time-bin entanglement
+
Variable
coupler
2 km
Detectors &
optical fibers Coincidence
+
PDC
B
Photon pair creation in a non-linear crystal
250
V net =96% (PDC)
Parametric down-conversion
After 2x2km
200
Energy and momentum
of optical fibers
rconservation
r r
= c0 0 A 0 B + c1e 1 A 1
i
coincidences [/10s]
Laser
0A
1A
150
p = s +
k p =k s + k i
Robust against
i
decoherence
100
s=1310nm
in optical fibers
p=710nm
50
i=1550nm
0
0
20
R. Thew et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 062304
(2002)
40
60
phase[arb unit]
Noise level
80
100
20
The interferometers
C
1
FM
FM
single mode fibers
Michelson configuration
circulator C : second output port
Faraday mirrors FM: compensation of birefringence
temperature tuning enables phase change
21
Optical circulator
horizontal
vertical
pol.
-45 pol.
PBS@45
port 2
Faraday
effect
PBS@0
port 1
vertical
horizontal
pol.
pol.
+45 pol.
port 3
22
Faraday mirrors
4 Faraday rotator
standard mirror ( incidence)
4 Faraday rotator
FM
r
r R( )m ( R( )mr )
m
r
r
1
m R ( )( R( )m )
Independent of
23
= c0 00 + c1e
i p
11
V= 2c0c1
E = c02 log2 c02 c12 log2 c12
24
Geneva 1997
25
26
m
5n
5
6
F L
KNbO3
Energy-time entanglement
output 1
output 2
diode laser
crystal
lens
filter
laser
27
an
qu
Genve
R++
R-+
R+R--
F L
er P
las
KNbO 3
qu
7. 3
km
tum
an
ch
8 .1
km
l
ne
FM
APD1 +
APD1-
&
9.3
an
FM
t um
classical channels
10.9 km
4. 5
km
APD 2km
ch
an
n
APD2+
Z
el
FS
FS
Bernex
28
results
1.0
correlation coefficient
0.5
0.0
-0.5
V = (85.3 0.9)%
raw
15 Hz coincidences
Sraw = 2.41
Snet = 2.7
violation of Bell
inequalities by 16
(25) standarddeviations
close to quantummechanical
predictions
same result in the
lab
V = (95.5 1) %
net.
0
1000
4000
7000
10000
13000
time [sec]
29
teleportation setup
InGaAs
&
Ge
A
Creation of a qubit
InGaAs
B
Beam splitter 50:50
WDM
RG filter
LBO
WDM
RG filter
LBO
4-fold
30
0 1 1 2 ai 0 A 1 A +i 0 B 1 B + 0 A 1 B 1 A 0 B 1 1 0 2 a i 0 A 1 A +i 0 B 1 B 0 A 1 B + 1 A 0 B
0 1 1 2 + 1 1 0 2 a i( 0 A 1 A + 0 B 1 B )
0112 110 2a 0 A1 B 1
31
32
8000
25
20
6000
15
4000
10
2000
30
Raw visibility :
Vraw=70 5 %
0
4
10
11
phase [a.u]
1 + Vraw
Feq =
=85 2.5 %
2
33
prepared in :
Time-bin 0 Time-bin 1
coincidences [a.u]
250
F ( 0 .1 ) =
tim e-bin0
tim e-bin1
200
P ( 1,0
)
P ( 1,0 ) + P ( 0,1 )
150
F ( 0,1 ) = 88% 4%
100
F ( 1,0 ) = 84% 4%
50
0
0
2
1
Ftot = Feq + Fp = 85 % 3 %
3
3
34
Bob
Experimental setup
&
InGaAs
Charlie
Ge
55 m
InGaAs
2k
m
1.5
WDM
RG
1 .3
Alice
1.3
WDM
RG
m
1. 5
LBO
LBO
fs laser
Alice:creation
of qubits to
Alice
be teleported
BS
m
2k
2km
fs laser @ 710 nm
coincidence electronics
sync out
35
results
Equatorial states
F =
Mean Fidelity
40
F ( 0,1 ) = 78 3%
8000
2
1
F ( 1,0 ) = 77 3%
Fmean = Feq + Fp
3
3
= 77.5 2.5 % mean fidelity: Fpoles=77.5 3 %
30
7000
6000
25
5000
20
4000
15
3000
10
2000
67 % (no entanglement)
1000
0
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
1.0
Feq =1+Vraw
2
= 77.5 2.5 %
coincidence[arb unit]
9000
35
C correct
C correct + C wrong
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
36
Bob
Experimental setup
&
InGaAs
Charlie
Ge
55 m
InGaAs
2k
m
1.5
WDM
RG
WDM
RG
m
1. 5
LBO
LBO
fs laser
On the
same
spool !
1 .3
Alice
1.3
Alice:creation
of qubits to
Alice
be teleported
BS
m
2k
2km
fs laser @ 710 nm
coincidence electronics
sync out
37
TAC
Mode-locked fs Ti:Saphire
f=75 MHz
= 150 fs =710nm
Ge APD
InGaAs APD
=1310 nm
AOM
=1550 nm
=13 ns
d pulses train
LBO
V=Vmax d1
d
de Riedmatten et al,
Quant. Inf. Comput, 2, 425 (2002)
BS
NLC
Bulk interferometer
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Visibility
WDM
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
10
15
Dimension d
20
38
Stabilisation period
~ 5 [s]
PIN
Stabilised laser
Switch
BS
WDM
Phase
controler
Measuring period
~ 100 [s]
FM
FM
EPR
Source
APD
0
10800
10820
10840
10860
10880
10900
10920
10940
Time [s]
39
+ = 1
(0
Alice
+1 A1
25 km SOF
A-1
Type I NLC
Creating photons @ 1.3 & 1.55 m
Bob
25 km DSF
B-1
&
A1
0
1
0
B1
&
1
0
1 p1 A1
0
1p1
Time arrival on A1
0
A
A
0
0
B
B
p
p
1 A1
0
1
0
B
B
0
1
p
p
0
0
A
A
1
1
Pij ( , on
)B 1 + ijV cos( + )
B
Time
arrival
1
B
40
4
S=
V
2
Row visibility after 50 km
Vraw = 78 1.6%
S = 2.21 0.04
Violation of Bell inequalities
by more than 4.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
Correlation Function
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0
20
40
60
Phase + [a.u]
80
100
41
S = E ( = 0 , = 45 ) + E ( = 90 , = 45 ) + E ( = 0 , = 45 ) E ( = 90 , = 45 )
E ( = 0 , = 45 ) = 0.533 0.006
E ( = 90 , = 45 ) = 0.581 0.007
S = 2.185 0.012
Violation of Bell inequalities
by more than 15
Correlation Function
E ( = 90 , = 45 ) = 0.554 0.005
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0 1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6 0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4 0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2 0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2 -0.2-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4 -0.4-0.4
-0.6
-0.6 -0.6-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8 -0.8
-0.8
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0 -1.0
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4
0.8
1.0
-1.0
0.40.6
0.6
0.8
0.0 0.0 0.2
0.2 0.5 0.4
0.4 1.0
0.6
0.0
0.61.5[h] 0.8
0.8
2.0
Time
Correlation Function
E ( = 0 , = 45 ) = 0.518 0.006
Correlation
Function
Correlation
Function
Correlation
Function
Time [h]
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.0
3.5
Time
[h]
TimeTime
[h] [h]
42
43
44
pulsed source
to
Bob
D
NL crystal
Perfect correlation in the time domain
counts
Alice
counts
t-to
Perfect correlation in the frequency domain
t-to
45
BB84 protocol
0 +1
0 1
0 , 1 basis
0 +1
Alice
25 km SOF
A0
A1
0
1
0
1
0
1 p1
basis
Bob
25 km DSF
Coding
Coding
Passive
choice
and such
that
of coincidence
basis 1 1
always
0 0
A0B0 = 0 and A1B1 = 1
0 1
B0
B1
0
1
1
0
1 p1
1
46
0 1
basis
10000
9000
Coincidences [arb.unit]
7000
4000
1400
3500
Coincidences [arb.unit]
1200
2500
5000
4000
0.45
3000
2000
0.4
2000
1000
1500
1000
0
1600
1650
1700
1000
1750
0.35
1800
1850
1900
RA0 B1 + RA1B0
Coincidences between A0 and B0
QBER =
+ RA1B1 + RA0 B1 + RA1B0
A0 B0 B
Coincidences between A Rand
0.3
800
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0.25
600
QBER
0
400
500
12000
0.2
12000
10000
0.15
400
Coincidences [arb.unit]
10000
Coincidences [arb.unit]
3000
0.5
6000
8000
6000
200
8000
0.1
6000
0.05
4000
4000
2000
2000
0
0
0
4000
4050
1
4100
4150
2
4200
4250
3
4300
Time [h]
0
2800
5
2850
2900
6
2950
3000
3050
3100
Wrong counts
6000
5000
4000
QBER =
3000
Wrong
(Wright + Wrong )
= 13.3%
2000
1000
0
500
600
700
800
900
De l a y be t we e n s t a r t & s t o p [ a r b. uni t ]
Wright counts
pulsed source
to
Bob
D
NL crystal
D
D
Alice
49
Alice
Bob
NL crystal
50
Alice
Bob
*
W. Tittel et al., PRL 81, 3563-3566, 1998
51
Alice
Bob
Alice
Att.
Bob
PBS
F.M.
FR
PM
APD
PBS
PM
APD
Drawback 1:
Drawback 2:
Rayleigh
backscattering
horse attacks
Perfect
interference
(V99%) withoutTrojan
any adjustments
, since:
54
Products
Quantum Cryptography
(optical fiber system)
Quantum Random Number Generator
Single-photon detector module (1.3 m and 1.55
m)
Contact information
email: info@idquantique.com
web: http://www.idquantique.com
56
1.0
I AB = 1 H (QBER)
IAE1-IAB
0.8
0.6
IAE
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
QBER
57
Limits of Q crypto
- distance
- bit rate
ch
an
n
el l
oss
I AB I Eve ( optical noise )
10-6
10-2
n 0 .1
Detector noise
100 km
distance
58
90,5% 9% 0.5%
Alice 0 ph 1 ph 2 ph
QND
measurement of
photon number
0 ph 0 ph 1 ph
Losses
Eve!!!
Bob
Lossless channel
(e.g.
teleportation)
Quantum memory
59
Qc
ha
nn
- distance
- bit rate
el l
oss
10-6
10-2
Limits of Q crypto
Detector noise
50 km
100 km
distance
60
Effect on
distance
Effect on
bit rate
Feasibility
Detectors
1- source
Q channel
Protocols
Q relays
Q repeater
61
62
SARG vs BB84
Typical detector
=0.1, D=10-5
= 0.335
= 0.014
SARG
BB84
63
2 bits
Bell
EPR
Classical channel
Charlie
Alice
1
BSM
Bob
3
EPR source
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
Fidelity
0.92
n=1
0.90
n=2
n=3
n=4
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.80
0
50
100
150
200
Distance [km]
250
300
350
64
*
entanglement
entanglement
entanglement
Bell
measurement
REPEATER
RELAY
??
*
entanglement
entanglement
QND measurement
+ Q memory
65
Conclusions
Q teleportation
with:
telecom wavelength
66
1.0
I AB = 1 H (QBER)
0.8
individual
IAE
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
2-way
quantum. Inf. Proc.
suffice
1-way
class. Inf. Proc.
suffice
Bell inequality:
can be
never
violated
violated
0.1
D0
0.2
Alice
and
Bob
separated
or
classical
0.3
QBER
0.4
67
Bells inequality:
Bob
Left
different
Alice
same
Left
Middle
Right
Right
same
different
1/4
0%
1/4
1/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
100 %
0%
100 %
0%
1/4
1/4
3/4 100 %
3/4 1/4
LMR
GGG
GGR
GRG
RGG
GRR
RGR
RRG
RRR
Arbitr. mixture
Quantum
Mechanics
Middle
same
different
if settings
Prob(results =)
100 %
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
100 %
1/3
=1/4
3/4
Alice
Bob
Bell Inequality
Quantum non-locality
68