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Voltage rise
the big issue when c nnecting
embedded generat on to long
11 kV overhead lines
There has recently been much interest in embedding small generators deep within
distribution systems. The steady-state voltage rise resultingfrom the connection of
these generators can be a major obstacle to their connection at the lower voltage
levels. This article summarises the results of some generic studies, explaining this
voltage rise issue and how it may be overcome.
by C. L. Masters
here has recently been much interest in
connecting small generators, between
200kW and lOMW, deep within distribution systems. These networks are,
by tradition, passive networks. They were
designed to pass power from the national
grid system, down the voltage levels, to LV
customers. They were generally not designed
for the connection of generators. There are
many technical issues that must be considered
when connecting a generating scheme to the
distribution system, such as:
Embedded generation
1 Voltage profile along
the heavily loaded 11kV
overhead line used in
the example
primary
substation
IO8
106
___
104
102
100
98
96
94
92
0
12
16
20
Embedded generation
where
VPS
VC
R, X
P, Q
--
I
_
___
_I
I-.
-I
___
VPS
where
VPS
VGEN
.
I
..
..
"
....
Embedded generation
-no generation
-300 kW generator
-1 MW generator
g
109
<-
107
/--
._ 105
E
103
8 101
97
99 0
4
8
12 16 20
full demand on the line
4
8
12 16 20
no demand on the line
2 Effect of connecting a
generator On thevoltage
profile along the 11kV
line used in the
3
rural
3311 1kV
primary substation
Embedded generation
4 Effect of using various
- example system
primary substation
110
---
...
+6% volta
12
16
20
12
16
20
lowered sufficiently.
If a generator is to import significant levels
of reactive power, it may be necessary to agree
a charging mechanism with a supplier to cover
the costs involved with purchasing and
'
5 Typical rural1 l k v
overhead line
Embedded generation
6 Some guidance as to
the level of generation
that can be accepted
onto an 11kV overhead
line
IO
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
distance, km
10
Embedded generation
(under no load conditions). The voltage profile
along the line is improved by replacing the
16mm2conductor with 70mm2copper (Fig. 4).
It reduces the voltage at the generator to
less than 105% of nominal (under full load
conditions). With no demand on the line, it is
marginally above the permitted +6% voltage
limit.
This suggests that upgrading the conductors
is a very effective method of counteracting the
voltage rise problem. However, replacing the
conductors can be expensive and may make a
scheme uneconomic.
Constrain the generation
The sophisticated control systems available
these days will allow a generator to control its
output in line with the system voltage. Thus if
the voltage is approaching the permitted +6%
voltage limit, a generator can reduce its output
in order to maintain the voltage below the
threshold. This will allow the generator to
continue operating, rather than being constrained off during periods of low system
demand. Conversely, should the system voltage
fall below nominal, a generator may be able to
respond by increasing its output.
The initial example suggests that the 1MW
generator cannot be accepted onto the llkV
line, even when it is fully loaded. Its output has
to be constrained to 750kW to maintain the
system voltages within the permitted +6% limit
(Fig. 4). It will have to be constrained further
as the system loading is reduced. Under no load
conditions the generator has to be constrained
to 300kW to maintain the voltages below the
permitted +6% threshold.
Constraining an embedded generator will
obviously affect the economic benefit of the
scheme. It is usually only-aviable option when
the constraints are expected to be infrequent
and where significant system reinforcement
costs are avoided.
7 ChiRexCHPscheme
voltage level
voltage at the primary substation
distance from the primary substation
size of conductor
demand on the system
other generation on the system
POWER ENGINEERING JOURNAL FEBRUARY 2002
11
Embedded generation
The cost and feasibility of two methods of
overcoming the voltage rise problem are
currently being considered-installing reactive
power compensation at the generator, or an
auto transformer part way along the 11kV line.
9 Jenbacher gas
engine, produced by
Clarke, for small
embedded generation
schemes (photo:
courtesy of Clarke
Energy, www.clarkeenergy.co.uk)
Conclusions
In conclusion, there are many factors that
determine the level of generation that can be
connected to the distribution system at 1lkV
Thus every scheme will face different technical
and commercial issues and must be studied on
a site-by-site basis. One of the major technical
difficulties is the voltage rise resulting from the
reversed power flow. There are methods of
counteracting this voltage rise; however, a
developer must consider whether the additional costs are justified.
References
1 The Electricity Supply Regulationsl988: Regulation
30, paragraph 2, amended in 1994
2 The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity
Regulations. 2001: Draft copy-available
for consultation purposes on the DTI wehsite
0 IEE: 2002
12