1.

Non-income based measures of poverty

Some economists, such as Guy Pfeffermann, say that other nonmonetary indicators of "absolute poverty" are also improving. Life
expectancy has greatly increased in the developing world since World War II
and is starting to close the gap to the developed world where the
improvement has been smaller. Even in Sub-Saharan Africa, the least
developed region, life expectancy increased from 30 years before World War
II to a peak of about 50 years before the HIV pandemic and other diseases
started to force it down to the current level of 47 years. Child mortality has
decreased in every developing region of the world.
According to the methodological framework of EUROSTAT (Mejer 1999);
the 37 non-monetary indicators available in ECHP are categorized into 8
different domains (in parentheses the number of indicators per domain):
basic needs and consumption (11), housing (9), education (1), labor market
(4), health (4), family ties and social relations (2), social participation (2) and
finally indicators of the household financial situation (4).
2. Relationship of gender to poverty
Poverty affects men, women, boys, and girls, but it is experienced
differently by people of different ages, ethnicities, family roles and sex. Due
to womens biology, their social and cultural gender roles, and culturally
constructed subordination, they face disadvantageous conditions which
accumulate and intensify the already numerous effects of poverty.
The study of poverty from the point of view of gender has gained
importance since the 1990s. Studies within this framework examine gender
differences in the poverty-generating results and processes, particularly
focusing on the experiences of women and asking whether they form a
disproportionate and growing contingent among the poor. This emphasis
implies a perspective that highlights two forms of asymmetries that become
intersected: gender and class. The studies that confirm gender inequalities,
particularly in access to and fulfillment of basic needs, support the claim that
female poverty cannot be comprised under the same conceptual approach
as male poverty.
3. Human Poverty Index (HPI)
The Human Poverty Index (HPI) was an indication of the standard of
living in a country, developed by the United Nations (UN) to complement the
Human Development Index (HDI) and was first reported as part of the Human
Development Report in 1997. It was considered to better reflect the extent of
deprivation in developed countries compared to the HDI.
The HPI concentrates on the deprivation in the three essential
elements of human life already reflected in the HDI: longevity, knowledge
and a decent standard of living. The HPI is derived separately for developing
countries (HPI-1) and a group of select high-income OECD countries (HPI-2)
to better reflect socio-economic differences and also the widely different
measures of deprivation in the two groups.
4. Dimensions of Poverty
According to the World Bank, the following are some dimensions of poverty.

a. Income poverty - dependence on cash for purchases of essential goods

and services.
b. Education and health poverty - constrained access to education due to
insufficient school sizes in rapidly growing cities and the inability to afford
school expenses. Also, industrial occupational risks like unsafe working
conditions, especially for those in informal sector jobs.
c. Tenure insecurity - land and housing in authorized areas are not affordable,
therefore the poor occupy land illegally and construct their houses without
construction and occupancy permits.
d. Personal insecurity - drug/alcohol abuse and domestic violence; family
breakdown and reduced support for children; social diversity and visible
income inequality in cities, which increases tensions and may provide a
temptation for crime.
e. Financial insecurity - dependence on cash income and lack of access to
credits and safety nets.
f. Social and political exclusion/ disempowerment - illegitimacy of residence
and work; isolation of communities that are disconnected from jobs and
services; insufficient channels of information for obtaining jobs, knowing
one's legal rights to services; not having the rights and responsibilities of
citizens.
REFERENCES:

Batthyny, K. (n.d.). GENDER AND POVERTY: A CASE OF ENTWINED INEQUALITIES.

Retrieved February 9, 2016, from socialwatch:
http://www.socialwatch.org/node/11590
Human Development Indicators. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2016, from
hdr.undp.org:
http://hdr.undp.org/en/hdr2006/pdfs/report/Human_development_indicators.p
df
Michael F. Frster, G. T. (2014). Income and non-income poverty in Europe: What is
the minimum acceptable standard in an enlarged European Union? Retrieved
February 9, 2016, from
http://www.euro.centre.org/data/1135243684_51096.pdf
Pfeffermann, G. (n.d.). The Eight Losers of Globalization. Retrieved February 9,
2016, from the globalist: http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?
StoryId=2429
Understanding Different Dimensions of Poverty. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2016,
from web.worldbank.org:
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMEN
T/EXTURBANPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20276602~menuPK:7173807~pagePK:
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