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The additives to be used and their concentration shall be decided by the Cement Contractor, after
testing the slurry using representative samples of cement, additives and mix water dispatched
from the rig. This has to be then approved by the Operations Engineer and Superintendent.
No deviation from the recipe, as determined by the Cementing Contractor is permitted unless
specific written orders have been issued by the Superitntendent.
Note: % BWOC it means percentage by weight of dry cement. One sack of cement is 94lbs.
Accelerators
Accelerators may be added to the mix water to reduce the thickening and setting times of the
slurry, with the purpose of avoiding unnecessary time spent waiting on cement.
Calcium Chloride is the most common type of accelerator used. Other, less frequently used
accelerators are Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride.
Additive
Formula Concentration
Comments
Sea Water
(Accelerator)
Use as
mixwater
As required
Potassium
Chloride
KCl
Notes:
1.
In general accelerators increase the viscosity of the cement slurry and decrease the
effectiveness of most other additives
2.
Calcium Chloride can cause skin burns and sever irritation to eyes, nose and lungs.
Gloves, goggles and respirators shall be used during mixing. Calcium Chloride is available in
50lb sacks.
Retarders
As the temperature increases, the chemical reaction between cement and water is accelerated
which, in turn, reduces the pumpable time. Increased depths and formation temperatures may
require the use of retarders in order to extend the pumpable time of the cement.
Thixotropic slurries may require retarders at shallow depths and low temperatures.
Effects on Viscosity
Most retarders affect the viscosity of the cement as follows:
Type of Retarder
Effect on Viscosity
Reduce
Increase
Note: The combined use of retarders and accelerators in the same mix should be
avoided.
weighting materials additive in pre-blended cement may settle out during storage. Furthermore,
handling different blends of cement on one rig may result in operational mistakes.
Note: When drilling with a mud gradient of 14.8 ppg or more, a batch mixing unit and sufficient
weighting material must be on site as a contingency. If very large volumes need to be mixed,
batch mixing is not achievable
Preparation
A low gradient slurry is prepared by adding extra mixwater. Bentonite is usually pre-mixed at a
concentration of % BWOC in the freshwater to reduce free water separation of the resultant
slurry.
Bentonite must be fully hydrated before any other additives are added to the mixwater. To
achieve this, premix may be cut back using industrial water or dry bentonite may be hydrated in
industrial water. In the latter case, the minimum hydration period is six hours, but may be longer,
depending on the type of bentonite used. Consult the Cementing Contractor for expert
information. The recommended type of bentonite for best results is Wyoming bentonite.
The bentonite content must be checked using the methylene blue test (MBT).
Compressive Strength
As a result of the decreased cement concentration of extended slurries, the compressive strength
of the hardened cement will be lower than that of neat slurries.
To reduce the possibility of dehydration opposite porous zones and consequently flash
setting of the cement.
Loss of fluid from the slurry will result in increasing slurry viscosity and gradient and
higher circulating pressures.
Excessive fluid loss will reduce slurry volume and give less cement fill.
When squeeze cementing it is desired to get an effective squeeze against the entire
formation and not just squeeze cement filtrate into it.
Most fluid loss additives tend to viscosify the slurry and consequently, dispersants are often
added at the same time to control this effect
Gasblocking Additives
During the hardening process, the cement slurry passes through a semi-solid phase in which the
liquid has gelled up. As a result, the overburden pressure will be lost thus permitting gas
migration into, and through, the cement matrix.
Surfactants added to the slurry will form a stable foam with the gas bubbles preventing their
transport through the cement slurry.
Additives may be incorporated into the slurry which act to block the gelled cement pore structure
preventing gas migration.