The Effect of Microstrip Antenna Radiation

Properties based on the Physical Modification in

Slabs Array of PBG/EBG
Anamaria Sena Maia, Humberto Dionsio de Andrade, Jos de Arimateia Pinto Magno
Rural Federal University of Semiarid Region-UFERSA, Mossor, Brazil
e-mail: anamaria_sena@hotmail.com, humbertodionisio@ufersa.edu.br, magnoarimateia@gmail.com
Humberto Csar Chaves Fernandes,
Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
e-mail: humbeccf@ct.ufrn.br
Jonathan Paulo Pinheiro Pereira
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte. IFRN, Mossor, Brazil
e-mail: jonathan.pereira@ifrn.edu.br

Abstract - In this paper, the radiation properties involved in

of planar microwave devices design using PBG/EBG as a slabs
arrangements in microstrip antennas substrate. The proposed
structure is configured into a cylindrical shape, in a rectangular
grid located at the center of the substrate. The physical
alterations have occurred with the radius change, network
period, and the cylindrical element height. These changes in the
structure configuration allow the observation of different effects
for each simulated antenna such as frequency, bandwidth and
gain.

Keywords Microstrip
Structure; Bandwidth.

Antenna;

Substrate;

PBG/EBG

I. INTRODUCTION.
Nowadays the communication systems assumed
fundamental functions for the social, economic and cultural
development. New technologies are developed, to provide
faster access, easy and reliable to various communication
services, in different forms like television, internet, radio, cell
phone, laptops, wireless systems, among others. In this context,
a device or a hight performance microwave planar circuit, with
compact size and low cost, generally, satisfies the requirements
for the desired application systems. Among the planar
transmission line, the microstrip line is widely applied in
microwave antennas and circuits. [1]
However, the microstrip antennas (MAS) have some
disadvantages, as its low efficiency associated with the
existence of surface waves, the low transmission power, poor
purity of polarization, narrow bandwidth and little suitability
for localizated signals applications. These disadvantages can be
minimized through some changes in the antenna structure. A
significant advance in reducing losses in MAS was the

introduction of Photonic Band Gap (PBG) or Electromagnetic

Band Gap (EBG) techniques.
Generally, the EBG structures are defined as artificial
periodic structures that prevent or help the propagation of
electromagnetic waves in a specific frequencies band for all
angles of incidence and polarization states. [2]
All modeling of PBG structures is done by considering the
photons as electromagnetic waves propagating in a medium.
Thus it follows that from a practical point of view, the only
difference between PBG structures operating optical system
and microwave is with respect to its size. [3] Considering a
control in the characteristic dimensions of MAS is achieved by
control the electromagnetic modes propagating in the structure,
to allow the propagation of desired modes, and prevent the
propagation of unwanted modes in certain frequency bands.
The development of research in the area of PBG/EBG,
began to receive more attention with the publication of articles
in 1987 by Yablonovitch and John [3], [4]. However the
Crystal lattice defects continued until Meade et al, published
the concept of Photonic crystal slabs, these structures consist in
periodic networks two-dimensional of finite extent in which
are introduced narrow channels through which light can be
guided with minimal losses. [5]
This paper investigates the main features involved in the
design of planar microwave devices, using technology
PBG/EBG microstrip antennas substrate, analyzing the
properties of radiation of the same. The proposed structure to
be inserted, is set in a cylindrical shape in a rectangular
network, varying the radius (r), of the network period, (a), and
the height of the cylindrical element (hc).

II. DESIGN OF THE ANTENNA OF MICROSTRIP.

For the MAS project was adopted a structure with
rectangular Patch fed by microstrip line with inset fed and is
designed for the frequency of 6.59GHz. The dielectric
substrate used was the fiberglass (FR4), with relative
permissivity r=4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02 also in rectangular
form. The material adopted for the patch, ground plane and
power line was the PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor).
The PBG structure were designed so as not to invade the
internal space of both the supply line as antenna. Due to
concatenated flow on the surface of the structure, are
positioned the cylindrical elements filled with air only at the
center of the substrate. Constituting in this case a rectangular
grid, with lines Nx and columns Ny. Thus, variations are
performed as the radius of r= 0.2; 0.4 and 0.6mm, period of
network of a=3*r, and the height of the cylindrical element
with 100% (1.58 mm), 50% (0.79 mm), 75% (1.185 mm) and
25% (0.395) perforated.
The main characteristics used in the development of MAS
for are: Frequency of project of 6.59GHz, characteristic
impedance of 50 and thickness of the substrate of 1.58mm.
From these values is calculated second [6] and [7] the values
for width and length, the Patch and the substrate respectively
W= 15.7 mm, L= 11.8 mm, X= 24.9 mm and Y = 28.9 mm.
Even as width and length of the line of microstrip and inset fed
respectively, W0= 2.34 mm, L0= 6.6 mm, X0 = 1.17mm and
Y0= 3.6mm.
To perform the comparison of the results it was necessary
to develop a standard antenna. The standard antenna adopted
the PBG/EBG of radius 0.2mm, constant network of 0.6mm,
and height of the cylinder of 1,58mm. Thus, for the rectangular
network to be properly positioned at the center of the substrate,
the air gaps were grouped in Nx=22 lines and Ny=29 columns.
As illustrated in Fig 1.

radius of 0.2mm has 22 lines and 29 columns, for 0.4mm, 11

lines and 14 columns and for 0.6mm, 8 lines and 10 columns.

Fig. 2. Settings structures PBG/EBG to the height of the cylinder ranging in

a) 1.58mm (100%) b) 1.185mm (75%) c) 0.79mm (50%) d) 0.395mm (25%).

III.

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

In this section, the performance of an MSA, is analyzed,

with the insertion of structures PBG/EBG on the substrate,
through the return loss (S1.1) versus frequency (Fr), and the
values of bandwidths, gain (from the radiation diagrams), as
well as the electric and magnetic fields.
To the configurations described in the previous section, the
simulations were performed, where the results for the
frequency, bandwidth and return loss, to the height settings and
variation 1.58mm, and variation in radius, are described in
Table 1 below .
TABLE I.

TABLE OF PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA WITH VARIATION IN

RADIUS.

Configuration

Radius
(mm)

Frequency
(GHz)

Return
Loss
(dB)

Bandwidth
(MHz)

Standard

0.2

6.59

-19.41

292.38

Conf. 1

0.4

6.67

-18.19

255.85

Conf. 2

0.6

6.65

-18.37

255.94

The Fig 3 illustrates the values of return loss (S11) as a

function of operation frequency for the standard antenna and
the proposed configurations. Initially, it is possible to realize
that as the variation in radius was small, there was a short
displacement of the operating frequency, as well as the
bandwidth and return loss.
Fig. 1. Antenna standard designed.

As illustrated in Fig 2, for the other antenas were performed

the following variations. Initially we set the value of the radius,
and varied the height of the gap of air. Then set the value of the
height and varying the radius value. The amount of gap in the
network vary according to the radius, to the settings with a

Fig. 6. Eletric field for configuration 1.

Fig. 3. Values return loss (S11) as a function of frequecy for the antenna and
the default settings.

The Fig 4-9 show the electric and magnetic fields in the
structures, where due in to eff changes in the substrate caused
by the insertion of PBG/EBG, (ie, weight of the structure
removed) was a change in the direction of the fields.

Fig. 7. Magnetic field for configuration 1.

Fig. 4. Electric Field for standard Antenna.

Fig. 8. Eletric field for configuration 2.

Fig. 5. Magnetic field for standard antenna.

The Fig 11-14. Show the radiation pattern in 2D and 3D the

standard antenna and settings 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
Observed the best gain, for configuring 5, with PBG/EBG
height 0.395mm (25 %) with a gain of approximately
4.1321dB.

Fig. 9. Magnetic field for configuration 2.

Then configurations have been developed where the

variation occurs at height, with fixed radius of 0.2mm, the
simulations were performed and the frequency values,
bandwidth and return loss, are described below in Table 2.
TABLE II.

Fig. 11. Radiation pattern 2D and 3D for the standard antenna.

TABLE OF PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA WITH VARIATION IN

HEIGHT STRUCTURE PBG/EBG.

Configuration

Radius
(mm)

Frequency
(GHz)

Return
Loss
(dB)

Bandwidth
(MHz)

Standard

1.58

6.59

-19.41

292.38

Conf. 3

0.79

7.33

-25.07

292.23

Conf. 4

1.185

7.54

-19.91

292.39

Conf. 5

0.395

7.11

-27.92

255.84
Fig. 12. Radiation pattern 2D and 3D for the antenna with PBG/EBG height
0.79mm

The Fig 10 illustrates the values of return loss (S11) as a

function of frequency operating, for the comparison between
the antenna standard and of other configurations. In this case, it
is possible to realize a displacement of the operation frequency,
as well as an improvement in bandwidth. Where the height
increases as the bandwidth also increases, and the in variation
in return loss.

Fig. 13. Radiation pattern 2D and 3D for the antenna with PBG/EBG height
1.185mm.

Fig. 10. Values return loss (S11) as a function of frequency for the standard
antenna and configurations 3, 4 e 5.

[1].

[2].

[3].
[4].
Fig. 14. Radiation pattern 2D and 3D for the antenna with PBG/EBG height
0.395mm.

[5].

IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, were proposed different ways to design a
planar microstrip antenna, with rectangular patch applying a
structure PBG /EBG in its substrate.
It was then proposed variation of the cylindrical structure of
PBG/EBG, relative with radius, period of network and height.
As a result, there was a comparison of the performance of each
antenna and observing the return loss.
Finally, it was observed that the change in direction of the
electric and magnetic fields, as well as a significant increase in
gain. Showing the potential of these structures for application
in various areas.

[6].

[7].
[8].
[9].

[10].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to the Foundation for the Support
of the Rio Grande do Norte State Research (FAPERN), the
Higher Education Personnel Training Coordination (CAPES),
the INCT (CSF) UFRN, the laboratory of mechanical tests of [11].
UFERSA, the Physics laboratory of UERN and the National
Council for Scientific and Technological Development [12].
(CNPq).
[13].

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