REPORT

Topic : Solar Powered Electric Car

Group No : 2
Students

: 1. Mr. Dheeraj Kumar P

(Roll No. 16)

2. Mr. Naveen K.P

(Roll No. 36)

3. Mr.Nived Babu E

(Roll No. 42)

4. Mr. Shyamrag B Nambiar (Roll No.51)

OBJECTIVES

To design a DC Buck converter for the speed controlling of DC series

To implement solar panel for the charging of the Lead acid battery

motor

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Working
DC-DC Regulator is used to control the voltage to the motor ,that is, a buck action. Simply a
switching regulator is a circuit that uses a power switch, an inductor and a diode to transfer
energy from input to output. Here in, Buck converter's control unit, which is usually a Pulse
Width Modulation(PWM) technique, selects the appropriate switching action. Power transistors
or MOSFET is employed as a switching transistor, which continuously switches on and off with
constant frequency . By controlling the on period, that is duty ratio, the triggering of the
switching regulator can be controlled and hence the output voltage. Thus the speed of the DC
series motor can be controlled very smoothly and efficiently by controlling its input voltage.
To maintain a continues output, the circuit uses the energy stored in the inductor ,during the on
period of the switch. This circuit operation depends on what is sometimes also called a flywheel

Circuit. This is because the circuit acts rather like a mechanical flywheel that, given regularly
spaced pulses of energy keeps spinning.
Hardware unit listed as follows:
1. PWM Generating and controlling unit.
2. Buck regulator
3. Input voltage supply
4. The DC Motor load
5. Optocoupler
The motor speed controller is a key element in the electrical drive system of an electric
vehicle.The output voltage of a dc-dc converter is controlled by operating it in the open
loop, and altering its MOSFET (switch) gate signal accordingly. It is basically governed by a
switching logic, thus constituting a set of subsystems depending upon the status (on-off) of the
switch. In the well-known pulse width modulation (PWM) technique, the control is
accomplished by varying the duty ratio of an external fixed frequency clock

PWM Generating and controlling unit

Speed of an DC motor is proportional to the voltage input to the motor. We can definitely control
speed of a motor with a Potentiometer , but this wastes power and energy in terms of heat across
the resistor in series does have a voltage drop, hence heat loss,
Having PWM means there is no resistance in series ,meaning no wastage of energy in the form
of heat. The speed control using PWM works by driving the motor with a series of ON-OFF
pulses and varying the duty cycle, the fraction of time that the output voltage is ON
compared to when it is OFF, of the pulses while keeping the frequency constant. The power
applied to the motor can be controlled by varying the width of these applied pulses and thereby
varying the average DC voltage applied to the motors terminals. By changing or modulating the
timing of these pulses, the speed of the motor can be controlled, ie, the longer the pulse is ON,

the faster the motor will rotate and likewise, the shorter the pulse is ON the slower the motor
will rotate.
In other words, the wider the pulse width, the more average voltage applied to the motor
terminals, the stronger the magnetic flux inside the armature windings and the faster the motor
will rotate this is shown below

Fig 2 Duty ratio control

The PWM generating and

controlling

unit is a square pulse source in which there is

arrangement for pulse width variation. The circuit is setup using IC 555 in
configuration .

Fig Pulse Generator using IC555

astable

In Pulse Generator using IC555,P1 and P2 are potentiometers where P1 is used to control the
frequency of triggering pulses and P2 is used to control the duty ratio. A Twisting throttle or
handle, shown in figure below, is be used as potentiometer P2,from which smooth control of the
speed can be obtained.

Fig Twisting throttle or handle

Buck regulator
Buck regulator is a simple DC DC Regulator in which the output voltage is less than the input
voltage . It consists of a switching transistor together with a flywheel circuit . The switching
transistor between the input and output continuously switches on and off at high frequency , to
maintain a continuous output , the circuit uses the energy stored in the inductor , during on period
of the transistor , to continue supplying the load during the off periods . the circuit operation
depends on what is sometimes called a flywheel circuit . This is because the circuit acts rather
like a mechanical flywheel that, given regularly spaced pulses of energy keeps spinning
smoothly at a steady rate .
The fundamental circuit for an ideal step-down (buck) converter is shown below. The actual
integrated circuit switching regulator contains the switch control circuit and may or may not
include the switch (depending upon the output current requirement). The inductor, diode, and
load bypass capacitor (flywheel circuitry) are external.

Fig. 1 Basic Circuit diagram

The output voltage is sensed and then regulated by the switch control circuit. The switch is
controlled by a pulse width modulator (PWM) operating at a fixed frequency, f.

Optocoupler
An Optocoupler, also known as an opto isolator consists of a light emitter, the LED and a light
sensitive receiver which can be a single photodiode . It is an electronic components that
interconnects two separate electrical circuits by means of a light sensitive optical interface.An
optocoupler IC for electrical insulation between PWM generated gate pulse and the buck
converter circuit.