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Editorial
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cine recipients are usually much larger and more heterogeneous than the ones of drug recipients. Third, the immune
response to a vaccination may depend more on individual
host factors than the pharmacological effects of drugs (e.g.
the distribution, absorption and elimination of the antigen,
pre-existing antibodies or memory cells, individual immune
competence). Further, de-challenge and often re-exposure
testing in the presence of an AEFI are so far not possible and
not only the intended reactive ingredientthe antigen, but
additives and excipients for production, inactivation, preservation, and stabilization of vaccines also play an important
role in evaluating the causal relation of an AEFI with a given
immunization. Finally, less evidence is generally available
about the pathophsiological link between immunization and
adverse events compared to drug adverse reactions.
These differences have to be considered in the development of standardized case definitions and guidelines for
AEFI. Case definitions and guidelines developed for the assessment of adverse drug reactions may therefore be of only
limited usefulness when transferred to the field of vaccine
safety.
The Brighton Collaboration format of case definitions
Case definition documents follow this format: (1) a preamble, which describes some of the essential or most controversial decisions that were madeoften topics for which
arbitrary decisions had to be made due to a lack of published scientific evidence; (2) the case definition itself; and
(3) guidelines for the standardized collection, analysis and
presentation of AEFI data.
The main methodological challenges identified during
case definition development by the Brighton Collaboration were presented in detail previously [5]. In summary,
the format of Brighton Collaboration case definitions
had to:
(1) be globally useful in as many research settings as possible by being adaptive to the level of resources available, including clinical trials, epidemiologic studies, and
post-marketing surveillance systems for AEFI in both
developed and less developed countries. In general, in
clinical trials and developed countries more information on AEFI may be expected to be collected and thus
allowing for greater diagnostic certainty. On the other
hand, information from passive surveillance systems as
well as from studies in developing countries are likely
to yield less diagnostic certainty. The case definitions
therefore had to anticipate and accommodate a wide
range of informational adequacy within individual reports. This is achieved by a case definition format allowing for varying levels of diagnostic certainty, where the
level of specificity is relaxed for the level of sensitivity;
(2) be adjustable to the wide range of AEFI (e.g. clinical signs, symptoms or diseases, syndromes, categorical
and continuous AEFI), yet represent a format uniform
enough to be recognizable across the different AEFI;
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Acknowledgements
We are sincerely thankful to our two new Steering Committee members Miles Braun, MD, MPH and S Michael
Marcy, MD, who joined the Steering Committee in May
2003. We are grateful to our project manager Bakary Drammeh, DrPH for his invaluable support in the Secretariat.
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References
[1] Melgard B. Immunization in the 21st centurythe way forward. Acta
Trop 2001;80(Oct 22):11924.
[2] Chen RT. Vaccine risks: real, perceived, and unknown. Vaccine
1999;17:S416.
[3] Chen RT, Rastogi SC, Mullen JR, Hayes SW, Cochi SL, Donlon JA,
et al. The vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). Vaccine
1994;12:54250.
[4] Bonhoeffer J, Kohl KS, Chen RT, et al. The Brighton Collaboration:
addressing the need for standardized case definitions of adverse events
following immunization (AEFI). Vaccine 2002;21:298302.
[5] Kohl KS, Bonhoeffer J, Chen RT, et al. The Brighton Collaboration:
enhancing comparability of vaccine safety data. ISPE Commentary.
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003;12:16.
[6] Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Causation and causal inference. In:
Rothman KJ, Greenland S, editors. Modern Epidemiology. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. Chapter 2, p. 728.
Jan Bonhoeffer
Ulrich Heininger
University Childrens Hospital Basel
Basel, Switzerland
Corresponding author
E-mail address: secretariat@brightoncollaboration.org
(J. Bonhoeffer)
Katrin Kohl 1
Robert T. Chen
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
1 Co-corresponding author
Philippe Duclos
World Health Organization, Switzerland
Harald Heijbel
Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Sweden
Tom Jefferson
Cochrane Vaccines Field and Health Reviews Ltd
Rome, Italy
Elisabeth Loupi
Aventis Pasteur, S.A., France
The Brighton Collaboration
Sources of support: The Brighton Collaboration is
presently supported by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC), the European Research
Program for Improved Vaccine Safety Surveillance
(EUSAFEVAC, European Commission
Contract No. QLG4-2000-00612 and the
World Health Organization (WHO)