Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Biomass
Solar Energy
Tidal Energy
Geothermal Power
BIOMASS:
SOLAR ENERGY:
are making solar power competitive with conventional sources of power (i.e.
fossil fuels and coal). Today, solar power is also being increasingly used in gridconnected situations as a way to feed low-carbon energy into the grid. By 2050,
the International anticipates that solar power including STE and PV operations
will constitute over 25% of the market, making it the worlds largest source of
electricity (with most installations being deployed in China and India).
WIND POWER:
Wind power has been used for thousands of years to push sails, power
windmills, or to generate pressure for water pumps. Harnessing the wind to
generate electricity has been the subject of research since the late 19th century.
However, it was only with major efforts to find alternative sources of power in
the 20th century that wind power has become the focal point of considerable
research and development.
TIDAL POWER:
Traditionally, tidal power has suffered from relatively high cost and
limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities.
However, many recent technological developments and improvements, both in
design and turbine technology, indicate that the total availability of tidal power
may be much higher than previously assumed, and that economic and
environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels.
The worlds first large-scale tidal power plant is the Rance Tidal Power
Station in France, which became operational in 1966. And in Orkney, Scotland,
the worlds first marine energy test facility the European Marine Energy
Center (EMEC) was established in 2003 to start the development of the wave
and tidal energy industry in the UK.
In 2015, the worlds first grid-connected wave-power station (CETO,
named after the Greek goddess of the sea) went online off the coast of Western
Australia, this power station operates under water and uses undersea buoys to
pump a series of seabed -anchored pumps, which in turn generates electricity.
GEOTHERMAL:
One drawback is the fact that this energy is diffuse, and can only be
cheaply harnessed in certain locations. However, in certain areas of the world,
such as Iceland, Indonesia, and other regions with high levels of geothermal
and flue gas cleaning in order to meet ever increasing environmental emission
legislation.
GAS FIRED TECHNOLOGY:
Over the last number of years there has been an increasing use of gas as
a fuel, mainly natural gas but also LPG, landfill gas and refinery fuel gas. In
response to this we have embarked on an extensive program of in-house
research and development resulting in a diverse range of boiler plant to meet
customers requirements in the use of gas.
This boiler range, includes single furnace, two pass and three pass plate and
shell construction, as well as twin furnace shell designs. Also available for high
pressure applications are a number of water tube configurations.
OIL FIRED TECHNOLOGY:
HDS has been involved in oil fired turnkey projects for many years.
Our expertise and experience using oil as a fuel is extensive and allows us to
custom design and build energy plants to customers special requirements.
COAL FIRED TECHNOLOY:
HDS Energy is a market leader in design, construction, installation and
commissioning of industrial coal fired boiler plant. These plants utilize unique
boiler designs in both plate and water tube construction incorporating such
special features as automatic tube cleaning, modularized ignition arches and
water cooled guillotine doors. A typical system comprises of a travelling grate
stoker, computerized crane handling for coal feeding and de-aching, multicellular cyclones and computerized combustion control.
OIL FORMATION/EXTRACTION:
Extracting oil and natural gas from deposits deep underground isnt as
simple as just drilling and completing a well. Any number of factors in the
underground environment including the porosity of the rock and the viscosity of
the deposit, it can impede the free flow of product into the well. In the past, it
was common to recover as little as 10 percent of the available oil in a reservoir,
leaving the rest underground because the technology did not exist to bring the
rest to the surface. Today, advanced technology allows production of about 60
percent of the available resources from a formation.
Primary recovery first relies on underground pressure to drive fluids
to the surface. When the pressure falls, artificial lift technologies, such as
pumps, are used help bring more fluids to the surface. In some situations,
natural gas is pumped back down the well underneath the oil. The gas expands,
pushing the oil to the surface. Gas lift technology is often used in offshore
facilities. Primary recovery often taps only 10 percent of the oil in a deposit.
Secondary recovery is the most widely applied enhanced recovery
technique. Water that is produced and separated from the oil in the initial phase
of drilling is injected back into the oil-bearing formation to bring more oil to the
surface. In addition to boosting oil recovery, it also disposes of the wastewater,
putting it back where it came from. This can bring an additional 20 percent of
the oil in place to the surface.
Enhanced recovery techniques are used to mobilize the remaining
oil. There are three common approaches: thermal recovery, gas injection or
chemical flooding.
HYDRAULIC FACTURING:
Fossil fuels, which include coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale oil and
bitumen are the main sources of heat and electrical energy. All these fuels
contain besides the major constituents other materials including meal, sulfur and
nitrogen compounds. During the composition process different pollutions like
fly ash, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are
emitted. Fly ash contains different trace elements. Gross emission of pollutants
is tremendous all over the world. These pollutants are present in the atmosphere
in such conditions that they can affect and his environment.
Air pollution caused by particulate matter and other pollutants not only
acts directly on the environment but by contamination of water and soil leads to
their degradation. Wet and dry deposition of inorganic pollutants leads to
acidification of environment. These phenomena affect the health of the people,
increase corrosion, and destroy cultivated soil and forests. Most of the plants
especially coniferous trees are not resistant oxides. Following longer exposure
leaves wither and fall. Widespread forest damage has been reported in Europe
and North America. Many cultivated plants are not resistant to those pollutions,
especially in the early period of vegetation.
The mechanisms of pollutant transformation in the atmosphere are descried by
environmental chemistry. Photochemistry plays an important role in these
transformation. SO2 and NOx are oxidized and sulfuric and nitric acids are
formed in the presence of water vapours, fog and droplets. Other problems
discussed, connected with human activities are the emission of volatile organic
compounds to the atmosphere. These emissions cause stratospheric zone
depletion, ground level photochemical ozone formation, toxic or carcinogenic
human health effects and growth of the global greenhouse effect, accumulation
and persistence in the environment.
The accident was caused by a storm which occurred while the rig was
being towed. Fierce winds broke the ventilator pump of the platform causing a
puncture hole in the deck resulting in extensive flooding. The loss of stability
due to flooding coupled with severe weather conditions eventually led to the
capsizing of the jack-up. The accompanying tow boat could not rescue the crew
members, who were also believed to lack proper training on emergency
evacuation procedures and the use of lifesaving equipment. The post-disaster
investigations reported a failure in correctly stowing the deck equipment prior
to towing. It was also reported that standard tow procedures were not followed
given the bad weather conditions. The sunken jack-up rig was eventually
salvaged with explosives by the Yantai Salvage Company in April 1981.
Spilled oil poses serious threats to fresh water and marine environments. It
affects surface resources and a wide range of subsurface organisms that are
linked in a complex food chain that includes human food resources. Spilled oil
can harm the environment in several ways, including the physical damages that
directly impact wildlife and their habitats (such as coating birds or mammals
with a layer of oil), and the toxicity of the oil itself, which can poison exposed
organisms. The severity of an oil spill's impact depends on a variety of factors,
including the physical properties of the oil, whether oils are petroleum-based or
non-petroleum based, and the ultimate fate of the spilled oil.
This type of collector is mainly used for swimming pool heating and
consists of black colored matting or tubes made from rubber or plastic based
materials through which the pool water is circulated. Such panels are effective
at heating large volumes of water by a small temperature rise (perfects for pool)
during warm sunny conditions.
been used for domestic hot water supply. As this type of collector is not
insulated it can't efficiently operate in cooler conditions or when hotter water
(showering temperature) is required. Such collectors are often referred to as
"unglazed" as they dont have a glass cover like flat plate or evacuated tube
collectors. This name, however, can cause confusion with the next type of
collector "concentrating" outlined below which also are "unglazed", but very
different in structure and operation.
CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS:
require 1 or 2 axis tracking to follow the sun and ensure optimal reflection
angle. Due to the size and complexity of these systems they are primarily used
for large scale projects.
FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS:
Flat plate collectors are the most common and widely used style of
solar term. All collector for domestic hot water applications. The design is very
simply an insulated box with a absorber sheet welded to copper pipe that the
heat transfer liquid circulates through. While the basic design concept is fairly
consistent amongst manufacturers, there are differences in aspects of the design
that can improve performance, make the panels lighter, easier to install and
suitable for different installation formats, and ultimately impact on the cost,
efficiency and longevity. Flat plate collectors perform well in warm climates
and when achieving temperature for basic domestic hot water use (<60 oC /
140oF). No insulation above the absorber is an inherent disadvantage of the
design and leads to high heat loss. This heat loss means flat plates are unable to
deliver hot efficiently at higher temperatures (>70 oC / 160oF), and performance
is greatly reduced in cold weather.
Wind turbines are the best examples for wind energy system. The wind
turbine, which is installed on top of a tall tower, collects wind energy and
converts it into electricity. The turbine output is then made electrically
compatible with the utility and the output is fed into the household wiring at the
breaker panel. The home is served simultaneously by the wind turbine and the
utility. If the wind speed is below 7 mph there will be no output from the wind
turbine and all of the needed power is bought from the utility. As the wind speed
increases the turbine output increases and the amount of power purchased from
the utility is proportionately decreased. When the turbine output is more than
the house needs, the extra electricity is sold to the utility. All of this is done
automatically. There are no batteries in a modern residential wind system.
Help you avoid the high costs of having utility power lines extended to a
remote location.
Major
drawbacks
included
for
the
the
early
designs
during each revolution, and the huge bending moments on the blades. Later
designs solved the torque issue by providing helical twist in the blades. Vertical
axis wind turbines are advocated as being capable of catching the wind from all
directions, and do not need yaw mechanisms, rubbers or downwind coning.
Their electrical generators can be positioned close to the ground, and hence
easily accessible. A disadvantage is that some designs are not self-starting.
There have been two distinct types of vertical axis wind turbines. The Darrius
and the savonius types. New concepts of vertical axis wind machines are being
introduced such as the helical types particularly for use in urban environments
where they would be considered safer due to their lower rotational speeds
avoiding the risk of blade ejection and since they can catch the wind from all
directions.
WIND FARM:
Wind farms are created when multiple wind turbines are placed in the
same location for the purpose of generating large amounts of electric power.
Due to rising energy prices and the resultant search for alternatives, there are
now thousands of wind farms in many countries around the world. There is still
a lot of controversy surrounding the pros and cons of wind power and its local
impact. The articles listed on this page explore news and information about
wind farms. A windfarm or wind park is a group of wind turbines in the same
location used to produce electricity. A large wind farm may consist of several
hundred individual wind turbines and cover an extended area of hundreds of
square miles, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or
other purposes. A wind farm can also be located offshore.
BIOMASS:
like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste,
all release methane gas also called landfill gas or biogas. Crops, such as corn
and sugar cane, can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol.
Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food
products like vegetable oils and animal fats Also, biomass to liquids (BTLs) and
cellulosic ethanol are still under research.
BIODIESEL:
where petro diesel has been used. As a result, fuel filters may become clogged
with particulates if a quick transition to pure biodiesel is made. Therefore, it is
recommended to change the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly after first
switching to a biodiesel blend.
BIOFUEL:
masses. Many ingenious ways have been developed for harnessing this energy
but most involve directing the water flow through a turbine to generate
electricity. Those that don't usually involve using the movement of the water to
drive some other form of hydraulic or pneumatic mechanism to perform the
same task.
A TECHNICAL REPORT ON
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
By
Tejaswini. Korrapati
A00432253