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Course Outline
Course Outline
Course Outline
Course Outline
Course Outline
Introduction
Reinforced concrete (RC) is the most widely used material
for construction.
In RC construction, two different materials, concrete and
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete a mixture of fine aggregate (sand), coarse
aggregate (eg, limestone), cement, water, air and
admixtures.
Concrete
Concrete
Portland Cement
Type I common, all-purpose cement
Type II low heat of hydration and some resistance to
sulfates
Type III high, early strength; high heat of hydration
Concrete
Compressive Strength
The specified compressive strength of concrete is
fc
cube strength.
Concrete
Compressive Strength
The ultimate strain cu = 0.003 0.004.
ACI takes the value as 0.003.
Concrete
The relationship between stress and strain is
roughly linear at
stress levels equal
to about one-third
to one-half the
ultimate strength.
Beyond this range
the relationship is
non-linear
Typical Stress-Strain Diagram
Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity
ACI Code Section 8.5.1 - For concrete weighing about 145 lb/ft 3
Ec 57,000 f c'
Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity (SI)
Ec wc1.5 (0.043) fc '
Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity
High-strength concrete (> 6,000 psi)
1.5
'
6 wc
Ec 40,000 f c 10
145
Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity (SI)
High-strength concrete (> 42 MPa)
Concrete
Poissons Ratio
About 0.11 for high strength concrete
About 0.21 for low strength concrete
Concrete
Shrinkage
Change in dimensions, hence volume, due to drying (loss
evaporate
The effect of evaporating water is shrinkage and cracking
of the concrete
Concrete
To Minimize Shrinkage
Keep mixing water to a minimum
Cure thoroughly
Place concrete in small sections
Use construction joints
Use shrinkage reinforcement
Concrete
Creep
Creep is indicated by continuous deformation under
25 percent
Concrete
Ductility
Capacity to undergo large deformation before
failure.
Concrete
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength
of concrete is measured
indirectly, using either the modulus of rupture or
split cylinder test
Concrete
Concrete
Modulus of Rupture Test
Flexural formula for
fr (modulus of rupture)
P/2
L/3
P/2
L/3
Mc
I
PL
M
6
bh3
I
12
PL h
6 2 PL
fr
2
3
bh
bh
12
fr
Concrete
ACI Value for fr
ACI Code Section 9.5.2.3
f r 7.5 f
'
c
concrete:
= 1 for normal weight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete
Concrete
ACI Value for fr (SI unit)
ACI Code Section 9.5.2.3
f r 0.7 fc '
MPa
concrete:
= 1 for normal weight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Aggregates
ACI Code Section 3.3.2
Aggregates
Cement
Reinforcing Steel
Bars or welded wire fabric (WWF)
Bars can be plain or deformed
Plain bars are rarely used
Deformed bars come in these sizes: No 3 to No
11, No 14 and No 18
The diameter of the bar is the bars number
divided by 8 (up to #8)
34
Reinforcing Steel
35
Deformed Rebar
Ribs
Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing steel
Grade 40 ksi
Grade 50 ksi
Grade 60 ksi
The modulus of elasticity Es is
defined as the slope of the
stress-strain curve. All steel
grades have same modulus of
elasticity Es= 29x103 where Es
is given in Ksi.
Reinforcing Steel
Es= 200x103 MPa where Es is given in MPa.
Design Methods
Two methods of design :
Working Stress Method focuses on conditions at service
loads.
Strength Design Method focusing on conditions at loads
greater
than the service loads when failure may be
imminent.
The Working-Stress Design Method
Design Methods
The Ultimate Strength Design Method
carry
factored
loads
Design Codes
There are two types of codes; Structural code and Building
code.
Structural code is a code that involves the design of a certain
type of structures (reinforced concrete, structural steel, etc.) The
structural code that will be used extensively throughout this
course is The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-11), which
is one of the most solid codes.
Building code is a code that reflects local conditions such as
earthquakes, winds, snow, and tornadoes in the specifications.
IBC (UBC,SBC, ...).
Loads on Structures
Dead load (D.L)
Weight of all permanent construction
Constant magnitude and fixed location
Examples: * Weight of the Structure
(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways, Partitions)
* Fixed Service Equipment
(HVAC, Piping Weights, Cable Tray, Etc.)
Dead Loads
Loads on Structures
Live load (L.L)
The live load is a moving or movable type of load such as
occupants, furniture, etc.
Loads on Structures
Wind load (W.L)
The wind load is a lateral load produced by wind pressure and
gusts. It is a type of dynamic load .The magnitude of this force
depends on the shape of the building, its height, the velocity of
the wind and the type of terrain in which the building exists.
Earthquake load (E.L) or seismic load
The earthquake load is a lateral load caused by ground motions
resulting from earthquakes. The magnitude of such a load
depends on the mass of the structure and the acceleration
caused by the earthquake.
Example 1
The compressive gravity axial load for a building column are:
L = 300 k, D = 150 k and Lr = 60 k. The compressive axial
force in the column due to other loads are: wind = 70 k,
seismic = 50 k. Tensile axial force in the column due to other
loads are: wind = 60 k, seismic = 40 k. Determine the critical
design loads based on the ACI load combinations .
Compressive loads are positive (this is an arbitrary choice).
Example 1
9 1
9 2
Example 1
9 5a
9 5b
9 6a
9 6b
9 7a
9 7b