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Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003) 97103

Effect of coarse aggregate quality on the mechanical properties of high

strength concrete
H. Beshrb,1, A.A. Almusallama, M. Maslehuddinb,*
a

Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
b
Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Received 25 February 2001; received in revised form 15 June 2002; accepted 28 August 2002

Abstract
This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate the effect of four types of coarse aggregates, namely calcareous,
dolomitic, quartzitic limestone, and steel slag, on the compressive and tensile strength, and elastic modulus of high strength
concrete. The highest and lowest compressive strength was obtained in the concrete specimens prepared with steel slag and
calcareous limestone aggregates, respectively. Similarly, the split tensile strength of steel slag aggregate concrete was the highest,
followed by that of dolomitic and quartzitic limestone aggregate concretes. The lowest split tensile strength was noted in the
calcareous limestone aggregate concrete. The type of coarse aggregate also influences the modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Weaker aggregates tend to produce a more ductile concrete than stronger aggregates do.
2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Coarse aggregate; Compressive and tensile strengths; High strength concrete; Modulus of elasticity

1. Introduction
The term high strength concrete is used for concrete
with a compressive strength in excess of 41 MPa, as
defined by the ACI Committee 363 w1x. Others define
high strength concrete as that possessing a uniaxial
compressive strength greater than that which is ordinarily obtained in a region, because the maximum strength
of concrete which is currently being produced varies
considerably from region to region w2x. Use of high
strength concrete leads to smaller cross-sections and
hence, the reduced dead load of a structure. This helps
engineers to build taller buildings and bridges with
longer spans.
In conventional concrete (compressive strength -41
MPa), the properties of coarse aggregates seldom
become strength-limiting, because this type of concrete
mixtures typically correspond to a watercement ratio
*Corresponding author. Tel.: q966-3860-2853; fax: q966-38603996.
E-mail address: muddin@kfupm.edu.sa (M. Maslehuddin).
1
Former Graduate Student, King Fahd University of Petroleum &
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

(wyc) in the range of 0.50.7. Within this range, the

weakest components in concrete are the hardened cement
paste and the transition zone between the cement paste
and the coarse aggregate, rather than the coarse aggregate itself w37x. Similarly, when designing conventional
concrete mixtures, the mineralogy of coarse aggregate
is rarely of concern unless the aggregate contains some
constituents, such as opal which is a reactive silica
mineral that could have a deteriorating effect on concrete
durability w8x, while for a high strength (compressive
strength )41 MPa) concrete, researchers have noted
that the hardened cement paste and the transition zone
are no longer strength-limiting, but it is the mineralogy
and the strength of the coarse aggregate that control the
ultimate strength of concrete.
The importance of the mineralogical characteristics
of coarse aggregates on the quality of concrete has been
pointed out by Farran w9x, Maso w10x, Alexander and
Davis w11x, Baalbaki et al. w12x, and Giaccio et al. w13x.
The effect of the coarse aggregate on elastic properties
of high performance concrete (HPC) was also pointed
out by Aitcin and Mehta w8x, Baalbaki et al. w12x, and
Aitcin w14x. These authors observed some significant

0950-0618/03/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 5 0 - 0 6 1 8 0 2 . 0 0 0 9 7 - 1

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H. Beshr et al. / Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003) 97103

Table 1
Chemical composition of Portland cement

Table 3
Grading of coarse aggregate

Constituent

Wt.%

SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO3
K 2O
Na2O
L.O.I.
C 3S
C 2S
C 3A
C4AF

19.92
6.54
2.09
64.70
1.84
2.61
0.56
0.28
0.73
55.90
19.00
7.50
9.80

Sieve
opening
(mm)

Percentage
passing

19.00
12.50
9.50
4.75
2.36

100
90
30
10
0

strain characteristics. Some studies w1,18,19x conducted

to date have generally indicated that the empirical
relationships between compressive strength and other
properties, such as tensile strength, flexural strength,
and modulus of elasticity, established for normal concretes cannot always be utilized for high strength concretes. Generally, it is noted that cracking of HSC is
more localized and approaches a homogeneous material
behavior as compared to normal strength concrete. Also,
HSC exhibits more linear elastic behavior and is more
brittle than normal strength concrete. Therefore, it is
essential to develop data on the mechanical properties
of hardened concrete, particularly its strength, in relation
to the properties of the aggregates.
This paper reports the results of a study conducted to
investigate the influence of coarse aggregate quality on
the compressive and split tensile strength and elastic
properties of high strength concrete.

differences in the elastic modulus and hysteresis loop in

the case of HPCs prepared with different coarse aggregates, but with the same water-to-cement ratio w8,14x.
Aitcin et al. w15x investigated the effect of three different
coarse aggregates in superplasticized concrete mixtures
with identical materials and properties (wycs0.24).
They found that for a calcareous-limestone aggregate
(85% calcite), a dolomitic-limestone aggregate (80%
dolomite), and a quartzitic-gravel aggregate containing
schist, the 91 day compressive strengths were 93, 103
and 83 MPa, respectively. Moreover, they concluded
that the aggregatecement paste bond was stronger in
the limestone aggregate concrete than in the gravel
concrete due to the interfacial reaction effect w15x. Zhang
and Gjorv w16x investigated the effect of four coarse
aggregate types, available in north California, on the
compressive strength and elastic behavior of a very high
strength concrete mixture. Based on their study, some
significant differences in the elastic moduli and hysteresis loop were observed. A formula was derived by
Chang and Su w17x from the theory of granular mechanics to estimate the compressive strength of coarse
aggregate to be used in high strength concrete. This
study w17x showed that there is a good correlation
between the compressive strength of aggregates and
some of the engineering properties of concrete.
With increasing use of high strength concrete (HSC)
as a structural material, further information on its
mechanical properties is required, especially its stress

ASTM C150 Type I Portland cement, with the chemical composition shown in Table 1, was utilized in
preparing the concrete specimens. Four types of coarse
aggregates, namely calcareous limestone (CC), dolomitic limestone (DL), quartzitic limestone (QZ), and steel
slag (SS), were utilized to prepare the concrete mixtures.
The physical properties of the coarse aggregates selected
for this study and their grading are shown in Tables 2
and 3, respectively, while the quantity of clay lumps in
the selected coarse aggregates are shown in Table 4.

Table 2
Absorption and specific gravity of coarse aggregates

Table 4
Clay lumps in coarse aggregates

2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials and test specimens

Type of aggregate

Absorption
(%)

Bulk
specific
gravity

Source of aggregates

Clay
lumps
(%)

ASTM C
142 limit
(%)

Calcareous limestone
Dolomitic limestone
Quartzatic limestone
Steel slag

4.95
2.20
1.60
0.85

2.39
2.54
2.70
3.51

Calcareous limestone
Dolomitic limestone
Quartzitic limestone
Steel slag

0.78
0.65
0.41
0.12

H. Beshr et al. / Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003) 97103

99

Fig. 1. Experimental setup utilized to evaluate the stress-strain characteristics of concrete.

Same aggregate grading was used in all the concrete

mixtures. Dune sand with a bulk specific gravity of 2.54
and water absorption of 0.65% was used as fine aggregate. All the concrete mixtures were prepared with a
water-to-cement ratio of 0.35 and a cement content of
450 kgym3, and a coarse aggregate to fine aggregate
ratio of 1.63. A naphthalene-based superplasticizer was
used to improve the workability of the concrete mixtures.
Cylindrical concrete specimens, 75 mm in diameter
and 150 mm high, were prepared for determining the
compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus
of elasticity. Mixing was done in a revolving drum type
mixer for approximately 35 min to obtain uniform
consistency. After mixing, the concrete was filled in the
cylindrical moulds in two layers and consolidated on a
vibrating table to remove entrapped air. After casting,
the specimens were covered with a wet burlap and cured
in the laboratory at a temperature of 20"2 8C for 24 h
prior to demolding and then cured under calcium
hydroxide solution till the time of test.
2.2. Test techniques
2.2.1. Compressive strength
The compressive strength of concrete prepared using
the selected coarse aggregates was determined by loading the specimens in uniaxial compression according to
ASTM C 39 at a constant loading rate of 3.3 kNys
using a servo-controlled hydraulic testing machine of
3000 kN capacity. The compressive strength was determined after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 180 days of curing.
2.2.2. Split tensile strength
The tensile strength of concrete can be experimentally
determined by w20x: (1) uniaxial tensile test; (2) split

cylinder test; and (3) beam test in flexure. The first

method of obtaining the tensile strength is referred to as
a direct test for determining the tensile strength, while
the second and third methods are indirect tests. The
indirect method of applying tension in the form of
splitting was suggested by Fernando Cerneiro, a Brazilian engineer w20x, and the test is often referred to as the
Brazilian test, although it was also developed independently in Japan.
In this study, the split tensile strength of concrete
specimens prepared with the selected coarse aggregates
was determined according to ASTM C 496.
2.2.3. Modulus of elasticity
The static modulus of elasticity was determined
according to ASTM C 469. The specimens were tested
in uniaxial compression at a constant rate of loading of
approximately 3.3 kNys using a servo-controlled hydraulic testing machine. A portable data logger was used to
record the load and strain readings. Longitudinal strains
were measured using a compressometer that was fixed
parallel to the direction of the applied load. The compressometer was centered at mid-height of the specimen
and the compressive deformation was measured using
two LVDTs located at diametrically opposite locations
on the surface of the specimen. Fig. 1 shows the
experimental set up utilized to evaluate the stressstrain
characteristics of the concrete specimens prepared using
the selected aggregates.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effect of aggregate quality on compressive strength
of concrete
The effect of aggregate quality on the compressive
strength of concrete was evaluated by testing concrete

100

H. Beshr et al. / Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003) 97103

specimens prepared with CC, DL, QZ and SS aggregates. Fig. 2 shows the variation of compressive strength
with age for the concrete specimens prepared with the
four types of aggregates selected for this study. As
expected, the compressive strength increased with age
in all the concrete specimens. Further, the data in Fig.
2 indicate that the type of coarse aggregate has a
significant effect on the compressive strength of concrete. The highest compressive strength was measured
in the concrete specimens prepared with the steel slag
aggregates while the lowest compressive strength was
noted in the concrete specimens prepared with calcareous limestone aggregates. After 28 days of curing, the
compressive strength of concrete specimens prepared
with calcareous, dolomitic, and quartzitic limestone and
steel slag aggregates was 43, 45, 47 and 54 MPa,
respectively.
The data developed in this study indicate that in a
high strength concrete, i.e. concrete prepared with a low
water-to-cement ratio and a high cement content, the
compressive strength is dependent on the quality of
coarse aggregate. In such concrete, the bulk of the
compressive load is borne by the aggregates rather than
the cement paste alone. The failure in such concretes is
often through the aggregates. Since the calcareous limestone aggregates are known to be weaker than the

Table 5
Loss on abrasion in the coarse aggregates
Type of aggregate

Loss on
abrasion
(%)

Calcareous limestone
Dolomitic limestone
Quartzitic limestone
Steel slag

34.4
24.2
19.2
11.6

dolomitic and quartzitic limestone aggregates the low

load carrying capacity of concrete prepared with calcareous limestone aggregates is understandable. Similarly,
the dolomitic limestone aggregates are weaker than the
quartzitic limestone aggregates, as such marginally lower
compressive strength of concrete prepared with former
coarse aggregates compared to that prepared with the
latter coarse aggregates is comprehensible.
The data on loss on abrasion summarized in Table 5
of these aggregates provide ample evidence of the weak
nature of the calcareous and dolomitic limestone aggregates compared to the quartzitic limestone and steel slag
aggregates. The compressive strength of steel slag aggregate concrete was more than that of the quartzitic
limestone aggregate concrete. This indicates that this

Fig. 2. Compressive strength development of concrete specimens prepared with the selected aggregates.

H. Beshr et al. / Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003) 97103

aggregate is very suitable for producing high strength

concrete.
When concrete is subjected to compressive loads,
failure takes place at one or more of the following
locations: (i) within the paste matrix; (ii) at the paste
aggregate interface; or (iii) within the aggregate. In a
rich concrete mix, as the one utilized in this study, the
possibility of failure within the paste matrix, alone, is
very rare, since this phase is very strong. Therefore, the
failure plain has to pass through the pasteaggregate
interface or through the aggregate. In both modes of
failure, the quality of aggregate significantly influences
the mode of failure of concrete under compression.
Another point to be noted is that the porous aggregates, such as calcareous and dolomitic limestone aggregates, are capable of absorbing a significant amount of
water. Hence, the cementaggregate bond in such aggregates is better than that of quartzitic limestone and steel
slag aggregates. Therefore, the failure of concretes prepared with the calcareous and dolomitic limestone aggregates is presumed to be within the aggregates since the
interface in these concrete specimens is strong due to a
good bond between the aggregate and the cement paste.
Such a failure was noted in the concrete specimens on
visual inspection after testing in compression. Higher
compressive strength of steel slag and quartzitic limestone aggregate concretes compared with calcareous and
dolomitic limestone aggregate concretes may thus be
attributed to the quality of the aggregates. As shown in
Table 5, the loss on abrasion of calcareous and dolomitic
limestone aggregates was more than that in the quartzitic
limestone and steel slag aggregates. The higher strength
of quartzitic limestone and steel slag aggregates, contributes to increased compressive strength of concrete
prepared with these aggregates.
According to Wasserman and Bentur w21x, the physical process that occurs at an early age is governed by
the absorption of water into the aggregate. Higher
absorption eliminates the accumulation of water in the
fresh matrix in the vicinity of the aggregate; as a result,
the interfacial transition zone in the aggregates with
higher absorption is denser. Aitcin and Mehta w8x noted
that in a high-strength concrete the hardened cement
paste and the transition zone are no longer strength
limiting. On the other hand, the mineralogy and the
strength of coarse aggregates may control the ultimate
strength of concrete, particularly in a high strength
concrete.
Baalbaki et al. w12x investigated the influence of three
different types of crushed coarse aggregates (dolomitic
limestone, quartzite, and sandstone) on the elastic properties of high strength concrete. They found that the
highest and lowest compressive strength was of the
sandstone and quartz aggregate concretes, respectively
w12x. The low compressive strength of quartz concrete
may be explained by the relative incompressibility of

101

Fig. 3. Split tensile strength of concrete specimens prepared with the

selected aggregates.

the aggregates that improves the rigidity of concrete and

decreases the strength. On the other hand, the capacity
of the sandstone aggregate to deform in one direction
allows the stress to be more uniformly distributed;
thereby, the whole section contributes to strength, as
opposed to the rigid aggregates that tend to concentrate
stresses on certain regions of the section, therefore
creating premature ruptures w12x.
The average rate of strength development, as shown
in Fig. 2, was higher at early ages, where the ratio of
728 days strengths, ranged from 0.74 to 0.80, compared with 0.73 to 0.82 reported by Berke et al. w22x.
Also, the ratio of 28180 days strength was in the range
0.880.93 compared with 0.850.95 reported by Berke
et al. w22x. This observation is in good agreement with
that reported by Carette and Malhotra w23x and also by
Slate et al. w18x. According to Carrasquillo et al. w24x,
the ratio of 728 days strengths is between 0.60 and
0.65 in the case of normal strength concrete. The higher
rate of strength gain of HSC compared to normal
strength concrete is attributed to the high internal curing
temperature developed during hydration w18x. The high
heat of hydration is associated with the high cement
content in HSC mixes. Differences in the rate of strength
gain, however, becomes negligible at later ages w18x.
3.2. Effect of aggregate quality on split tensile strength
of concrete
The split tensile strength was determined after 14, 28
and 90 days of curing. Fig. 3 shows the split tensile
strength of concrete specimens prepared with the four

102

H. Beshr et al. / Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003) 97103

Fig. 4. Modulus of elasticity of the concrete specimens prepared with

the selected aggregates.

types of aggregates investigated in this study. The split

tensile strength increased with age in all the concrete
specimens. As can be seen in Fig. 3 the split tensile
strength of steel slag aggregate concrete was the highest,
followed by that of quartzitic and dolomitic limestone
aggregate concretes. The least split tensile strength was
noted in the concrete specimens prepared with calcareous limestone aggregates. However, the split tensile
strength of concrete specimens prepared with quartzitic
and dolomitic limestone aggregates was almost similar
after 28 days of curing. After this age, the split tensile
strength of steel slag aggregate concrete was 164% of
that of calcareous limestone aggregate concrete. Similarly, the split tensile strength of concrete prepared with
the dolomitic and quartzitic limestone aggregates was
129 and 130%, respectively, of that prepared with the
calcareous limestone aggregates.
3.3. Effect of aggregate quality on the static modulus of
elasticity of concrete

aggregates. A more ductile failure results in the concrete

specimens prepared with these aggregates.
The importance of coarse aggregate quality on elastic
properties of high strength concrete was also pointed by
Aitcin w14x, and Aitcin and Mehta w8x. Some significant
differences in the elastic modulus and hysteresis loop
were noted in high strength concrete prepared with
different coarse aggregates. Baalbaki et al. w12x also
evaluated the effect of coarse aggregates on the elastic
properties of high strength concrete. The elastic modulus
of high strength concrete was noted to be strongly
influenced by the elastic properties of coarse aggregates
w12x. Similarly, Giaccio et al. w13x noted that the highest
modulus of elasticity of concrete was achieved in basaltic-HSC, followed by limestone-HSC and granitic-HSC.
They w13x stated that this could be attributed to a higher
percentage of microcracking in limestone-HSC during
the first loading applied to measure the modulus of
elasticity.
As is apparent from the data in Fig. 4, the static
modulus of elasticity was higher for the concretes
containing steel slag aggregates and quartzatic limestone
aggregate concretes, than for concrete prepared with
calcareous and dolomitic limestone aggregates. For higher compressive strength concretes, the modulus of elasticity was higher because of the mortar stiffness and
improved mortaraggregate bond. Hooton w25x, Luther
and Hanse w26x, and Khatri and Sirivivatnanon w27x also
found that elastic modulus is primarily a function of
compressive strength. Based on the previous discussion,
it can be concluded that the effect of the type of coarse
aggregate is more significant on the modulus of elasticity
as compared to the compressive strength. According to
Aitcin and Mehta w8x, and Baalbaki et al. w12x, the
nature of coarse aggregate significantly affects the modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete. This influence was attributed to the highly dense paste structure
and pasteaggregate bond, which causes the concrete to
behave like a composite material. Therefore, aggregate
characteristics could be important in determining the
elastic properties of high strength concrete.
4. Conclusions

Fig. 4 shows the measured values of the modulus of

elasticity of concrete specimens prepared with the selected coarse aggregates. These data indicate that the type
of coarse aggregate has a significant effect on the
modulus of elasticity of concrete. After 28 days of
curing, the modulus of elasticity of calcareous, dolomitic
and quartzitic limestone and steel slag aggregate concretes was 21.6, 24.5, 28.8 and 29.6 GPa, respectively.
The modulus of elasticity of steel slag aggregate concretes was the highest, while that of calcareous limestone
aggregate concrete was the lowest. The lower values of
modulus of elasticity of calcareous limestone aggregate
concrete may be attributed to the soft nature of these

The quality of coarse aggregate has a significant

effect on the compressive strength of high strength
concrete. The compressive strength of steel slag aggregate concrete was more than that of crushed limestone
aggregate concrete. The compressive strength of concrete prepared with calcareous limestone aggregate was
the least. These data indicate that in a high strength
concrete, i.e. concrete prepared using a low water
cement ratio and high cement content, the compressive
strength is dependent on the quality of aggregate. In
such concrete, the bulk of the compressive load is borne
by the aggregate rather than the cement paste alone.

H. Beshr et al. / Construction and Building Materials 17 (2003) 97103

The failure in such concretes is often through the

aggregates. Since the calcareous limestone is known to
be weaker than the dolomitic and quartzitic limestone
aggregates, its low load carrying capacity is
understandable.
Split tensile strength increased with age in all the
concrete specimens. The type of aggregate also influences the split tensile strength of concrete. The split
tensile strength of steel slag aggregate concrete was
more than that of limestone aggregate concrete. The
least split tensile strength was noted in the calcareous
limestone aggregate concretes.
The quality of coarse aggregate also influences the
modulus of elasticity of concrete. Weaker aggregates
tend to produce a more ductile concrete than strong
aggregates do.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support provided by the
Department of Civil Engineering and the Research
Institute at King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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