EE6002 POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS LT P C 3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES: To study the generation of switching transients and their control

using circuit theoretical concept. To study the mechanism of lighting strokes
and the production of lighting surges. To study the propagation, reflection and
refraction of travelling waves. To study the impact of voltage transients
caused by faults, circuit breaker action, load rejection on integrated power
system.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY 9
Review and importance of the study of transients - causes for transients.
RL circuit transient with sine wave excitation - double frequency transients basic transforms of the RLC circuit transients. Different types of power system
transients -

effect of transients on power systems role of the study of

transients in system planning.

UNIT II SWITCHING TRANSIENTS 9
Over voltages due to switching transients - resistance switching and the
equivalent circuit for interrupting the resistor current - load switching and
equivalent circuit - waveforms for transient 86 voltage across the load and the
switch - normal and abnormal switching transients. Current suppression - current
chopping - effective equivalent circuit. Capacitance switching - effect of source
regulation - capacitance switching with a restrike, with multiple restrikes.
Illustration for multiple restriking transients - ferro resonance.
UNIT III LIGHTNING TRANSIENTS 9
Review of the theories in the formation of clouds and charge formation rate of charging of thunder clouds mechanism of lightning discharges and
characteristics of lightning strokes model for lightning stroke - factors
contributing to good line design - protection using ground wires - tower footing
resistance - Interaction between lightning and power system.
UNIT IV TRAVELING WAVES ON TRANSMISSION LINE COMPUTATION OF
TRANSIENTS 9
Computation of transients - transient response of systems with series and
shunt lumped parameters and distributed lines. Traveling wave concept - step
response - Bewelys lattice diagram - standing waves and natural frequencies reflection and refraction of travelling waves.
UNIT V TRANSIENTS IN INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEM 9
The short line and kilometric fault - distribution of voltages in a power
system - Line dropping and load rejection - voltage transients on closing and

reclosing lines - over voltage induced by faults -switching surges on integrated

system Qualitative application of EMTP for transient computation.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES: Ability to understand and analyze power system operation,
stability, control and protection.
Review and importance of the study of transients:
1. Power system transient is symptom of a sudden change due to switching
or a fault.
2. very short duration
3. Results in over voltages and insulation breakdown.
4. may result in plant shut down or even black out
Causes for transients:
Two main categories are:
A. Internal
1.Switching surges 2. Insulation failure 3. Arcing ground
B. External
1. Lightning
Internal causes:
Switching surges
1.
2.
3.
4.

Do not produce large transients

Voltage increases up to say 2 times normal value
Switching transients can be managed with proper insulation
Transients may be due to oscillations in voltage and current after

normal switching or fault.

5. Making or breaking of switch or breaker under normal conditions may
produce transients due to large system inductances and capacitances
6. may be due to a) interruption of low inductive current (chopping)b)
interruption of capacitive current

c)Ferro resonance d) energizing a

loaded line
a) Current chopping: Air blast breakers when interrupts low inductive
currents the current is forced to zero by deionizing air blast before natural
current zero. This is known as current chopping. It produces high voltage
transient across breaker contacts. Over voltage is prevented using
resistance switching.
b) Switching of unloaded line: When a switch is closed to apply source
voltage, a voltage wave travels along the line to the end and reflected

back with no sign change. This results in sum of voltages causing voltage
doubling. This voltage is attenuated quickly by the line impedances. Same
is the result when the line is switched off.
c) Ferro Resonance: resonance occurs when inductive and capacitive
reactances equal and they cancel. Impedance equals Resistance and pf is
unity. Ferro resonance is rare at normal power frequency. If voltage wave
has harmonics then fifth or higher order harmonics may lead to ferro
resonance since the inductance involved is that of transformers and
reactors that are iron cored.
d) When loaded line is switched the current sets up transient voltage equal
to twice the drop across Zn due to instantaneous current.
e) Insulation failure: When line to earth insulation fails a transient over
voltage is produced and is a common reason for over voltages in power
system.
f) Arcing ground: If the neutral of a three phase is not earthed in a long
high voltage transmission line, arcing ground results. This leads to severe
oscillations with magnitude three to four times normal and can be
prevented by earthing the neutral.
External sources:
Lightning :
Overvoltages can be classified according to their point of impact:
1. Direct,
2. Near (indirect) or
3. Distant lightning strikes.

For direct lightning strikes, the overvoltages are caused by the flow of
lightning current in the structure concerned and its earth connections.
For near lightning strikes, overvoltages are created in the loops and are in
part linked to rises in earth potential due to the flow of lightning current.
For distant lightning strikes, the overvoltages are limited to those created
in the loops.