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A power system can be subdivided into three major parts before supplying electrical
energy to consumers :
Generation
Transmission and Subtransmission
Distribution
For a power system to be practical it must be safe, reliable, and economical. Thus
many analyses must be performed to design and operate an electrical system.
However, before going into system analysis we have to model all components of
electrical power systems
Power system representation
The complete circuit diagram for a three phase system is seldom necessary to convey
even the most detailed information about a system. Therefore the interconnection
among the components of the power system may be shown in a simplified diagram is
called a single line diagram.
Single line diagram
A single-line diagram of a power system shows the main connections and
arrangements of components . Power system networks are represented by single-line
diagrams using suitable symbols as shown below :
The impedance diagram on single-phase basis for use under balanced operating
conditions can be easily drawn from the single-line diagram such as shown
actualvalue
Quantityin per unit
basevalueof quantity
For example
V(pu) =
I(pu) =
Z(pu) =
S(pu) =
If any two of the four base quantities are specified, the other base values can
be calculated. Usually, base apparent power and base voltage are specified
at a point in the circuit, and the other values are calculated from them. The
base voltage varies by the voltage ratio of each transformer in the circuit but
the base apparent power stays the same through the circuit.
Real power systems are convenient to analyze using their per-phase (since
the system is three-phase) per-unit (since there are many transformers)
equivalent circuits. The per-phase base voltage, current, apparent power, and
impedance are
I base
S1 ,base
VLN ,base
Zbase
VLN ,base
I base
LN ,base
S1 ,base
I base
Zbase
S3 ,base
3VLL ,base
VLL ,base
3I base
LL ,base
S3 ,base
Vold Snew
per unitZ old
V
S
new old
Vbase,2 Vbase,1
Vbase,3
Z base,1
Z base,2
Z base,3
VLL ,base 2
S3 ,base
13.8kV
VLL ,base 2
S3 ,base
VLL ,base 2
S3 ,base
100MVA
1.904Region1
110kV
121Region1
100MVA
2
13.2kV
100MVA
1.743Region1
15
Rline, system
0.124 perunit
121
75
X line, system
0.620 perunit
121
The impedance of T2 is specified in per-unit on a base of 14.4 kV and 50
MVA in Region 3. Therefore, the per-unit resistances and reactances of this
component on the system base are:
per unitZ new per unitZ given Vgiven Vnew Snew S given
2
per unitZ new per unitZ given Vgiven Vnew Snew S given
2
node equation
When the per-unit equivalent circuit of a power system is created, it can be used to
find the voltages, currents, and powers present at various points in a power system.
The most common technique used to solve such circuits is nodal analysis.
In nodal analysis, we use Kirchhoffs current law equations to determine the voltages
at each node (each bus) in the power system, and then use the resulting voltages to
calculate the currents and power flows at various points in the system.
For example a simple three-phase power system bellow
Note that the per-unit series impedances of the transformers and the transmission
lines between each pair of busses have been added up, and the resulting
impedances were expressed as admittances (Y=1/Z) to simplify nodal analysis.
The voltages between each bus and neutral are represented by single subscripts (V1,
V2) in the equivalent circuit, while the voltages between any two busses are indicated
by double subscripts (V12).
The generators and loads are represented by current sources injecting currents into
the specific nodes. Conventionally, current sources always flow into a node meaning
that the power flow of generators will be positive, while the power flow for motors
will be negative.
According to Kirchhoffs current flow law (KCL), the sum of all currents entering
any node equals to the sum of all currents leaving the node. KCL can be used to
establish and solve a system of simultaneous equations with the unknown node
voltages.
Assuming that the current from the current sources are entering each node, and that
all other currents are leaving the node, applying the KCL to the node (1) yields:
V1 V2 Ya V1 V3 Yb V1Yd I1
Similarly, for the nodes (2) and (3):
V2 V1 Ya V2 V3 Yc V2Ye I 2
V3 V1 Yb V3 V2 Yc V3Y f I3
Rearranging these equations, we arrive at:
Ya Yb Yd V1 YaV2 YbV3 I1
YaV1 Ya Yc Ye V2 YcV3 I 2
YbV1 YcV2 Yb Yc Y f V3 I 3
In matrix form:
Ya Yb Yd
Ya
Yb
V1 I1
Ya
Yb
Ya Yc Ye
Yc
V2 I 2
Yc
Yb Yc Y f V3 I 3
YbusV I
where Ybus is the bus admittance matrix of a system, which has the form:
Ybus
Zbus Ybus
Simple technique for constructing Ybus is only applicable for components that are not
mutually coupled. The technique applicable to mutually coupled components can be
found elsewhere.
Once Ybus is calculated, the solution to (10.15.1) is
1
bus
V Y I
V bus I
A number of techniques can be used to solve systems of simultaneous linear
equations, such as substitution, Gaussian elimination, LU factorization, etc.
A system of n linear equations in n unknowns
Ax b
where A is an n x n matrix and b is and n-element column vector; the solution will be
xA b
where A-1 is the n x n matrix inverse of A.
Example 10.3: a power system consists of four busses interconnected by five
transmission lines. It includes one generator attached to bus 1 and one synchronous
motor connected to bus 3.
Voc 1.110
I sc
1.0 80
ZTH
j1.1
I sc
Voc 0.9 22
0.563 112
ZTH
j1.6
I sc
Voc 0.9 22
0.563 112
ZTH
j1.6
The resulting
admittance matrix is:
Ybus
j 5.0
0
j 6.667
j12.576
j 5.0
j
12.5
j
5.0
j
2.5
0
j 5.0 10.625
j 5.0
j
6.667
j
2.5
j
5.0
j
14.167
1.0 80
I
0.563 112
0.989 0.60
0.981 1.58
1
V
V Ybus
I
0.974 2.62
0.982 1.48
The current in line 1 can be calculated from the equation: