Guadalajara

This article is about the city in Mexico. For the province

in Spain, see Province of Guadalajara. For other uses,
see Guadalajara (disambiguation).
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unknown parameter HDI (this message is shown only
in preview).

moving to its current location. The rst settlement in

1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as Nochistln,
Zacatecas. This site was settled by Cristbal de Oate
as commissioned by Nuo de Guzmn, with the purpose
of securing recent conquests and defending them against
the still-hostile natives. The settlement did not last long
at this spot due to the lack of water; in 1533 it was moved
to a location near Tonal. Four years later, Guzmn ordered that the village be moved to Tlacotn. While the
settlement was in Tlacotn, the Spanish king Charles VI
granted the coat of arms that the city still has today.[10]

Guadalajara (/wdlhr/,[3] Spanish pronunciation:

[waalaxaa]) is the capital and largest city of the
Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality
of Guadalajara. The city is in the central region of Jalisco
in the Western-Pacic area of Mexico. With a population of 1,495,189 it is Mexicos fourth most populous
municipality.[4] The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seven adjacent municipalities with a reported population of 4,328,584 in 2009, making it the second most
populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico
City.[5][6] The municipality is the second most densely
populated in Mexico, the rst being Ciudad Nezahualcyotl in State of Mexico.[7]

This settlement was ferociously attacked during the

Mixtn War in 1543 by Caxcan, Portecuex and Zacateco
peoples under the command of Tenamaxtli.[10] The war
was initiated by the natives due to the cruel treatment of
Indians by Nuo de Guzmn, in particular the enslavement of captured natives. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza
had to take control of the campaign to suppress the revolt
after the Spanish were defeated in several engagements.
The conict ended after Mendoza made some concessuch as freeing the Indian slaves and
Guadalajara is the 10th largest city in Latin America in sions to the Indians
[11]
[8]
[8]
[9] granting amnesty.
population, urban area and gross domestic product.
The city is named after the Spanish city of Guadala- The village of Guadalajara barely survived the war, and
jara, the name of which came from the Andalusian Ara- the villagers attributed their survival to the Archangel
bic wd(i) l-ijra ( or ) , meaning Michael, who remains the patron of the city. It was deriver/valley of stones.[10] The citys economy is based cided to move the city once again, this time to Atemajac,
on industry, especially information technology, with a as it was more defensible. The city has remained there to
large number of international rms having manufacturing this day. In 1542, records indicate that 126 people were
facilities in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. Other, living in Guadalajara and, in the same year, the status of
more traditional industries, such as shoes, textiles and city was granted by the king of Spain. Guadalajara was
food processing are also important contributing factors. ocially founded on February 19, 1550 in the Valley of
Atemajac. The settlements name came from the Spanish
Guadalajara is a cultural center of Mexico, considered
hometown of Nuo de Guzmn.[10]
by most to be the home of mariachi music and host
to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the In 1559, royal oces for the province of Nueva Galicia
Guadalajara International Film Festival, the Guadalajara were moved from Compostela to Guadalajara, as well as
International Book Fair, and globally renowned cultural the bishopric. Construction of the cathedral was begun in
events which draw international crowds. It is home to the 1563. In 1575, religious orders such as the Augustinians
C.D. Guadalajara, one of the most popular football clubs and Dominicans arrived, which would make the city a
[10]
in Mexico. This city was named the American Capital center for evangelization eorts.
of Culture for 2005. Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan The historic city center encompasses what was four cenAmerican Games.
ters of population, as the villages of Mezquitn, Analco
and Mexicaltzingo were annexed to the Atemajac site in
1669.[10]

History

In 1791, the University of Guadalajara was established in

the city, which was then the capital of Nueva Galicia. The
inauguration was held in 1792 at the site of the old Santo
Tomas College. While the institution was founded during
the 18th century, it would not be fully developed until the

See also: Timeline of Guadalajara

The city was established in ve other places before
1

1 HISTORY

20th, starting in 1925. In 1794, the Hospital Real de San After the state of Jalisco was erected in 1823, the city
Miguel de Beln, or simply the Hospital de Beln, was became its capital.[10] In 1844, General Mariano Paredes
opened.[10]
y Arrillaga initiated a revolt against the government of
Guadalajaras economy during the 18th century was President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, which the presbased on agriculture and the production of non-durable ident managed to quell personally. However, while Santa
Anna was in Guadalajara, a revolt called the Revolution
goods such as textiles, shoes and food products.[12]
of the Three Hours brought Jos Joaqun Herrera to the
Guadalajara remained the capital of Nueva Galicia with presidency and put Santa Anna into exile.[16] During the
some modications until the Mexican War of Indepen- Reform War, President Benito Jurez had his government
dence.[10] After Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla decided not to here in 1856. French troops entered the city during the
attack Mexico City, despite early successes, he retreated French Intervention in 1864, and the city was retaken by
to Guadalajara in late 1810. Initially, he and his army Mexican troops in 1866.[10]
were welcome in the city, as living conditions had beof
come dicult for workers and Hidalgo promised to lower Despite the violence, the 19th century was a period[17]
economic,
technological
and
social
growth
for
the
city.
taxes and put an end to slavery. However, violence by the
rebel army to city residents, especially royalists, soured After Independence, small-scale industries developed,
the welcome.[13] Hidalgo did sign a proclamation ending many of them owned by immigrants from Europe. Rail
slavery, which was honored in the country since after the lines connecting the city to the Pacic coast and north to
war. During this time, he founded the newspaper El Des- the United States intensied trade and allowed products
pertador Americano, dedicated to the insurgent cause.[10] from rural areas of Jalisco state to be shipped. Ranch
culture became a very important aspect of Jaliscos and
Guadalajaras identity since this time.[12] From 1884 to
1890, electrical service, railroad service and the Observatory were established.[10]
Guadalajara again experienced substantial growth after
the 1930s,[18] and the rst industrial park was established in 1947.[10] Its population surpassed one million in
1964,[10] and by the 1970s it was Mexicos second largest
city[18] and the largest in western Mexico.[12] Most of the
modern citys urbanization took place between the 1940s
and the 1980s, with the population doubling every ten
years until it stood at 2.5 million in 1980.[19] The population of the municipality has stagnated, and even declined,
slowly but steadily since the early 1990s.[6]

Guadalajara Cathedral

Royalist forces marched to Guadalajara, arriving in January 1811 with nearly 6,000 men.[14] Insurgents Ignacio
Allende and Mariano Abasolo wanted to concentrate their
forces in the city and plan an escape route should they be
defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this. Their second choice
was to make a stand at the Puente de Calderon just outside the city. Hidalgo had between 80,000 and 100,000
men and 95 cannons, but the better-trained royalists won,
decimating the insurgent army, forcing Hidalgo to ee
toward Aguascalientes. Guadalajara remained in royalist
hands until nearly the end of the war.[14][15]

University of Guadalajara in 1886

The increase in population brought with it an increase

in the size of what is now called Greater Guadalajara,
rather than an increase in the population density of the
city. Migrants coming into Guadalajara from the 1940s
to the 1980s were mostly from rural areas and lived in
the city center until they had enough money to buy prop-

1.2

International recognition

erty. This property was generally bought in the edges

of the city, which were urbanizing into fraccionamientos, or residential areas.[20] In the 1980s, it was described
as a divided city east to west based on socioeconomic
class. Since then, the city has evolved into four sectors,
which are still more-or-less class centered. The upper
classes tend to live in Hidalgo and Jurez in the northwest and southwest, while lower classes tend to live in the
city center, Libertad in the north east and southeast in
Reforma. However, lower class development has developed on the citys periphery and upper and middle classes
are migrating toward Zapopan, making the situation less
neatly divided.(napolitano21-22).[21]

3
charges.[27] Calls for the restructuring of PEMEX were
made but they were successfully resisted.[28]

1.2 International recognition

The city has hosted important international events, such

as the rst Cumbre Iberoamericana in 1991, the Third
Summit of Heads of State and Governments from Latin
America, the Caribbean and the European Union in 2004,
the Encuentro Internacional de Promotores y Gestores
Culturales in 2005, and the 2011 Pan American Games.
It was named the American Capital of Culture in 2005,
Ciudad Educadora (Educator City) in 2006 and the rst
Since 1996, activity by multinational corporations has Smart City in Mexico due to its use of technology in
had a signicant eect on the economic and social de- development.[29]
velopment of the city. The presence of companies
such as Kodak, Hewlett-Packard, Motorola and IBM has In its 2007 survey entitled Cities of the Future, FDi
been based on production facilities built outside the city magazine ranked Guadalajara highest among major Mexproper, bringing in foreign labor and capital. This was ican cities and designated Guadalajara as having the secmade possible in the 1980s by surplus labor, infrastruc- ond strongest economic potential of any major North
ture improvements and government incentives. These American city, behind Chicago. The magazine also
companies focus on electrical and electronic items, which ranked it as the most business-friendly Latin American
[30]
is now one of Guadalajaras two main products (the other city in 2007.
being beer). This has internationalized the economy,
steering it away from manufacturing and toward services,
dependent on technology and foreign investment. This 2 Historic downtown
has not been favorable for the unskilled working class and
traditional labor sectors.[22]

1.1

1992 sewer explosions

Main article: 1992 Guadalajara explosions

On April 22, 1992, gasoline explosions in the sewer system over four hours destroyed 8 km (5 mi) of streets in
the downtown district of Analco.[23] Gante Street was the
most damaged. Ocially, 206 people were killed, nearly
500 injured and 15,000 were left homeless. The estimated monetary damage ranges between $300 million Morelos Street, looking toward the Hospicio Cabaas
and $1 billion. The aected areas can be recognized by
their more modern architecture.[24]
The historic downtown of Guadalajara is the oldest secThree days before the explosion, residents started com- tion of the city, where it was founded and where the oldest
plaining of a strong gasoline-like smell coming from the buildings are. It centers on Paseo Morelos/Paseo Hospisewers. City workers were dispatched to check the sew- cio from the Plaza de Armas, where the seats of eccleers and found dangerously high levels of gasoline fumes. siastical and secular power are, east toward the Plaza de
However, no evacuations were ordered. An investigation Mariachis and the Hospicio Cabaas. The Plaza de Arinto the disaster found that there were two precipitating mas is a rectangular plaza with gardens, ironwork benches
causes. The rst was new water pipes that were built too and an ironwork kiosk which was made in Paris in the
close to an existing gasoline pipeline. Chemical reactions 19th century.[10][31]
between the pipes caused erosion. The second was a aw Within Guadalajaras historic downtown, there are many
in the sewer design that did not allow accumulated gases squares and public parks: Parque Morelos, Plaza de los
to escape.[25]
Mariachis, Plaza Fundadores, Plaza Tapatia, Plaza del
Arrests were made to indict those responsible for the
blasts.[26] Four PEMEX (the state oil company) ocials
were indicted and charged, on the basis of negligence.
Ultimately, however, these people were cleared of all

Agave, Parque Revolucion, Jardin del Santuario, Plaza de

Armas, Plaza de la Liberacion, Plaza Guadalajara and the
Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres, the last four of which
surround the cathedral to form a Latin Cross.[32]

2 HISTORIC DOWNTOWN

The Rotonda de los Jaliscienses Ilustres

Templo Expiatorio del Santsimo Sacramento

Plaza Universidad Guadalajara

of Neoclassical design with elements such as courtyards,

entrances and columns that imitate the older structures of
the city.[10][31]
The Palace of the State Government is in Churrigueresque and Neoclassical styles and was begun in the
17th century and nished in 1774. The interior was completely remodeled after an explosion in 1859. This building contains murals by Jos Clemente Orozco, a native of
Jurez Avenue, in central Guadalajara
Jalisco, including Lucha Social, Circo Poltico, Las
Fuerzas Ocultas and Hidalgo which depicts Miguel HiConstruction began on the Metropolitan Cathedral in dalgo y Costilla with his arm raised above his head in
1558 and the church was consecrated in 1616. Its two anger at the government and the church.[31]
towers were built in the 19th century after an earthquake The Cathedral is bordered to the east by the Plaza de la
destroyed the originals. They are considered one of the Liberacin, nicknamed the Plaza de las Dos Copas, recitys symbols. The architecture is a mix of Gothic, ferring to the two fountains on the east and west sides.
Baroque, Moorish and Neoclassical. The interior has Facing this plaza is the Teatro Degollado (Degollado Thethree naves and eleven side altars, covered by a roof sup- ater). It was built in the mid-nineteenth century in Neoported by 30 Doric columns.[31]
classical design. The main portal has a pediment with a
The Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres (Rotunda of Illustrious Men) is a monument made of quarried stone, built
in 1952 to honor the memory of distinguished people
from Jalisco. A circular structure of 17 columns surrounds 98 urns containing the remains of those honored.
Across the street is the municipal palace which was built
in 1952. It has four faades of quarried stone. It is mostly

scene in relief called Apollo and the Muses sculpted in

marble by Benito Castaeda. The interior vaulted ceiling
is painted with a fresco by Jacobo Glvez and Gerardo
Surez which depicts a scene from the Divine Comedy.
Behind the theater is another plaza with a fountain called
the Fuente de los Fundadores (Fountain of the Founders).
The plaza is in the exact spot where the city was founded

5
and contains a sculpture depicting Cristobal de Oate at is faced by restaurants where one can hear live mariachis
the event (nsemana).[10]
play, especially at night. The Ex-Hospicio Cabaas extends along the entire east side of the Plaza. This building
was constructed by Manuel Tols beginning in 1805 under orders of Carlos III. It was inaugurated and began its
function as an orphanage in 1810, in spite of the fact that
it would not be nished until 1845. It was named after
Bishop Ruiz de Cabaas y Crespo. The faade is Neoclassical and its main entrance is topped by a triangular
pediment. Today, it is the home of the Instituto Cultural
Cabaas (Cabaas Cultural Institute) and its main attraction is the murals by Jos Clemente Orozco, which covers
the main entrance hall. Among these murals is Hombre del Fuego (Man of Fire), considered to be one of
Orozcos nest works.[10][31]

Mammoth skeleton at the Regional Museum

The Jalisco Regional Museum (Ex seminary de San Jos)

was built at the beginning of the 18th century to be the
Seminario Conciliar de San Jos. From 1861 to 1914,
it housed a school called Liceo de Varones. In 1918, it
became the Museum of Fine Arts. In 1976, it was completely remodeled for its present use. The museum displays its permanent collection in 16 halls, 15 of which are
dedicated to Paleontology, Pre-History, and Archeology.
One of the prized exhibits is a complete mammoth skeleton. The other two halls are dedicated to painting and history. The painting collection includes works by Juan Correa, Cristbal de Villalpando and Jos de Ibarra.[10][31]
Between the Cathedral and the Hospicio is the large
Plaza Tapata which covers 70,000 m2. Its centerpiece
is the large Quetzalcotl sculpture/fountain.[10] Southeast
of this plaza is the Mercado Libertad, also called the Mercado de San Juan de Dios, one of the largest traditional
markets in Mexico. The Temple of San Juan de Dios, a
Baroque church built in the 17th century, is next to the
market.[31]

O this east-west axis are other signicant constructions.

The Legislative Place is Neoclassical and was originally
built in the 18th century. It was reconstructed in 1982.
The Palace of Justice was nished in 1897. The Old University Building was a Jesuit college named Santo Toms
de Aquino. It was founded in 1591. It became the second Mexican University in 1792. Its main portal is of yellow stone. The Casa de los Perros (House of the Dogs)
was constructed in 1896 in Neoclassical design.[10] On
Avenida Juarez is the Sanctuary of Nuestra Seora del
Carmen which was founded between 1687 and 1690 and
remodeled completely in 1830. It retains its original coat
of arms of the Carmelite Order as well as sculptures of
the prophets Elijah and Elisha. Adjoining it is what is left
of the Carmelite monastery, which was one of the richest
in New Spain.[31]

3 Economy

Desktop and tablet PC made in Guadalajara by local company

Meebox.

Guadalajara has the third-largest economy and industrial

infrastructure in Mexico[33] and contributes 37% of the
state of Jaliscos total gross production. Its economic
base is strong and well diversied, mainly based on comOrozcos Hombre del Fuego at the Hospicio
merce and services, although the manufacturing sector
plays a dening role.[34] It is ranked in the top ten in Latin
At the far east end is the Plaza de los Mariachis and America in gross domestic product and the third highest
the Ex-Hospicio Cabaas. The Plaza de los Mariachis ranking in Mexico. In its 2007 survey entitled Cities of

3 ECONOMY
the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). International rms started building facilities in Mexico, especially Guadalajara, displacing Mexican rms, especially in information technology. One of
the problems this has created is that when there are economic downturns, these international rms scale back.[40]

Bajo Occidental (West Bajio).

the Future, FDi magazine ranked Guadalajara highest

among major Mexican cities and designated Guadalajara
as having the second strongest economic potential of any
major North American city behind Chicago. FDI ranked
it as the most business-friendly Latin American city in
2007.[35]

In 2007, fDi magazine stated that Guadalajara has the

second strongest economic potential of any major North
American city, behind only Chicago.[41] The same research noted Guadalajara as a city of the future due
to its youthful population, low unemployment and large
number of recent foreign investment deals; it was found
to be the third most business-friendly city in North
America.[41]
The city has to compete with China, especially for electronics industries which rely on high volume and low
wages. This has caused the it to move toward highmix, mid-volume and value-added services, such as automotives. However, its traditional advantage of proximity to the U.S. market is one reason Guadalajara stays
competitive.[39] Mexico ranked third in 2009 in Latin
America for the export of information technology services, behind Brazil and Argentina. This kind of service
is mostly related to online and telephone technical support. The major challenge this sector has is the lack of
university graduates who speak English.[42]

In 2009 Moodys Investors Service assigned ratings of

Ba1 (Global scale, local currency) and A1.mx (Mexican
national scale). During the prior ve years, the municipalitys nancial performance had been mixed but had begun
to stabilize in the later two years. Guadalajara manages
one of the largest budgets among Mexican municipalities
and its revenue per capita indicator (Ps. $2,265) places 3.1 Local economy
it above the average for Moodys-rated municipalities in
Mexico.[34]
Most of the economy revolves around commerce, em[10]
This activity has
The citys economy has two main sectors. Commerce and ploying 60% of the population.
mainly
focused
on
the
purchase
and
sale
of the followtourism employ most: about 60% of the population. The
ing
products:
food
and
beverages,
textiles,
electronic apother is industry, which has been the engine of economic
pliances,
tobacco,
cosmetics,
sport
articles,
construction
growth and the basis of Guadalajaras economic impormaterials
and
others.
Guadalajaras
commercial
activity
tance nationally even though it employs only about a third
is second only to Mexico City.[36]
[10][34][36]
of the population.
Industries here produce products such as food and beverages, toys, textiles, auto parts, Globalization and neoliberal reforms have aected the
electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, footwear, furni- form and distribution of commerce in Guadalajara since
ture and steel products.[10][36] Two of the major indus- the early 1990s. This has led to tensions between traditries have been textiles and shoes, which are still dynamic tional markets, such as the Mercardo Libertad, and reand growing.[37] Sixty percent of manufactured products tailers such as department stores and supermarkets. Loare sold domestically, while forty percent are exported, cal governments in the metropolitan area used to invest
mostly to the United States.[38] This makes Guadalajaras in and heavily regulate traditional markets but this is no
economic fortunes dependent on those of the U.S., both longer the case. To attract private corporate investment,
as a source of investment and as a market for its goods.[39] regulatory control eased and most commercial develop[43]
However, it is the electronics and information technology ments now are controlled by private concerns.
sectors that have nicknamed the city the "Silicon Valley
of Mexico.[38] Guadalajara is the main producer of software, electronic and digital components in Mexico. Telecom and computer equipment from Guadalajara accounts
for about a quarter of Mexicos electronics exports.[39]
Companies such as General Electric, IBM, Intel Corporation, Freescale Semiconductor, Hitachi Ltd., HewlettPackard, Siemens, Flextronics, Oracle, TCS, Cognizant
Technology Solutions and Jabil Circuit have facilities in
the city or its suburbs.[38] This phenomenon began after

The city is the national leader in the development and investment of shopping malls. Many shopping centers have
been built, such as Plaza Galerias, one of the largest shopping centers in Latin America, and Andares. Galeras
Guadalajara covers 160,000 m2 (1,722,225.67 sq ft) and
has 220 stores. It contains the two largest movie theaters in Latin America, both with IMAX screens. It hosts
art exhibits and fashion shows, and has an area for cultural workshops. Anchor stores includes Liverpool and
Sears and specialty stores such as Hugo Boss, Max Mara

7
and Lacoste.[44] Best Buy opened its rst Guadalajara
store here. Its has an additional private entrance on the
top oor of the adjacent parking lot. Another Best Buy
store was inaugurated in Ciudadela Lifestyle Center mall,
which was the chains third largest in the world, according
to the company.

bor market in the metro area and that of the rural towns
and villages that surround it. Guadalajara is the distribution center for the region and its demands have led to a
shifting of employment, from traditional agriculture and
crafts to manufacturing and commerce in urban centers.
This has led to mass migration from the rural areas to the
[45]
Andares is another important commercial center in Za- metropolitan area.
popan. This $530 million mixed-use complex opened in
2008, designed by renowned Mexican Sordo Madaleno
architecture rm features luxury residences and a high- 4 Politics
level mall anchored by two large department stores, Liverpool and El Palacio de Hierro. The 133,000 m2
(1,400,000+ sq ft) mall oers hundreds of stores, a big
food court located on the second oor and several restaurants at the Paseo Andares.
A large segment of the commercial sector caters to
tourists and other visitors. Recreational tourism is mainly
concentrated in the historic downtown.[10] In addition to
being a cultural and recreational attraction and thanks to
its privileged geographical location, the city serves as an
axis to nearby popular beach destinations such as Puerto
Vallarta, Manzanillo and Mazatln.[36] Other types of visitors include those who travel to attend seminars, conventions and other events in elds such as academic, entertainment, sports and business. The best-known venue for
this purposes is the Expo Guadalajara, a large convention Palacio Municipal de Guadalajara, City Hall
center surrounded by several hotels. It was built in 1987,
and it is considered the most important convention center Like other municipalities in Mexico, Guadalajara is govin Mexico.
erned by a municipal president, who exercises executive
power for three consecutive years. This oce is currently
occupied by Enrique Alfaro (Movimiento Ciudadano).
3.2 Foreign investment and trade
The legislature has the cabildo, formed by the form chosen by the candidate for mayor, made up of aldermen,
Most of Guadalajaras economic growth since 1990 has who are not elected by the people by direct or indirect
been tied with foreign investment. International rms voting, but the return happens automatically if the mayor
have invested here to take advantage of the relatively wins.
cheap but educated and highly productive labor, estabThe municipality is divided into ve electoral districts for
lishing manufacturing plants that re-export their products
the purpose of election of representatives of the city in
to the United States, as well as provide goods for the interthe federal legislature. These districts are the VIII, IX,
nal Mexican market.[45] A media report in early October
XI, XIII and XIV of the state of Jalisco.
2013 stated that ve major Indian IT (information technology) companies have established oces in Guadalajara, while several other Indian IT companies continue to 4.1 Municipality and the metropolitan
explore the option of expanding to Mexico. Due to the
area
competitiveness in the Indian IT sector, companies are
expanding internationally and Mexico oers an aord- The city and the municipality of Guadalajara are essenable opportunity for Indian companies to better position tially co extensive with over 99% of the municipality livthemselves to enter the United States market. The trend ing within the city limits and nearly all of the municiemerged after 2006 and the Mexican government oers pality urbanized.[10][47] Urbanization centered on the city
incentives to foreign companies.[46]
spreads out over seven other municipalities; of Zapopan,
Exports from the city went from 3.92 billion USD in 1995
to 14.3 billion in 2003.[36] From 1990 to 2000, socioeconomic indicators show that quality of life improved
overall; however, there is still a large gap between the
rich and the poor, and the rich have beneted from the
globalization and privatization of the economy more than
the poor.[43] International investment has aected the la-

Tlaquepaque, Tonal, Tlajomulco de Zuiga, El Salto,

Ixtlahuacn de los Membrillos and Juanacatln.[6] These
areas form the "Guadalajara Metropolitan Area" (Zona
Metropolitana de Guadalajara in Spanish), which is the
most populous in the state of Jalisco and the second most
populous in the country after the Mexico City Metropolitan area.[6] This metropolitan area had a population of

6 CLIMATE

Guadalajara Metropolitan Area

4,298,715 in 2008.[5][6]

Education

portant is the Universidad de Guadalajara, which was established on October 12, 1791 by royal decree.[48] The
entity underwent a number of reorganizations since then,
but the modern university as it exists today was established in 1925, when the governor of Jalisco convened
professors, students and others to re-establish the university. These precepts were organized into a law called the
Ley Organica.[49] It was ranked fth among the best
Mexican universities in 2012.[50]
Guadalajara is home to ITESO, a Jesuit university,
and has campuses of several private schools such as
a the Universidad del Valle de Mxico, Tec de Monterrey, Universidad Marista de Guadalajara,Universidad
Guadalajara LAMAR, Universidad Panamericana Sede
Guadalajara, as well as the Universidad Autnoma
de Guadalajara (UAG), which was founded in 1935
and is the oldest private university in Mexico,[51] and
Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA). In addition, the city hosts The American School Foundation of
Guadalajara (ASFG) which has 1420 students in preschool through twelfth grade; it is the only US-accredited
school in Guadalajara.[52]

6 Climate
Under the Kppen climate classication, Guadalajara has
a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) that is quite close to
a tropical climate, featuring dry, warm winters and hot,
wet summers. Guadalajaras climate is inuenced by its
high altitude and the general seasonality of precipitation
patterns in western North America.

The University of Guadalajara's rectory building

Although the temperature is warm year-round, Guadalajara has very strong seasonal variation in precipitation.
The northward movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone brings a great deal of rain in the summer
months, whereas for the rest of the year, the climate is
rather arid. The extra moisture in the wet months moderates the temperatures, resulting in cooler days and nights
during this period. The highest temperatures are usually
reached in May averaging 33 C (91 F), but can reach up
to 39 C (102 F) just before the onset of the wet season.
March tends to be the driest month and July the wettest,
with an average of 273 millimetres (10.7 in) of rain, over
a quarter of the annual average of about 1,002 millimetres (39.4 in).

During the rainy season, afternoon storms are very common and can sometimes bring hail urries to the city,
especially toward late August or September. Winters
are relatively warm despite the citys altitude, with January daytime temperatures reaching about 25 C (77 F)
and nighttime temperatures about 10 C (50 F). HowThe University of Guadalajaras administrative building
ever, the outskirts of the city (generally those close to the
Primavera Forest) experience in average cooler temperGuadalajara is an important nucleus of universities and atures than the city itself. There, temperatures around
educational centers with national prestige. The most im- 0 C (32 F) can be recorded during the coldest nights.

9
Frost may also occur during the coldest nights, but temperatures rarely fall below 0 C (32 F) in the city, making it an uncommon phenomenon. Cold fronts in winter can sometimes bring light rain to the city for several
days in a row. Snowfall is extremely rare, with the last
recorded one occurring on December 1997, which was
the rst time in 116 years, since it last fell in 1881.[53]

Transportation

Line 1 of the Guadalajara light rail/metro system, in the middle

of Avenida Coln. The two-line system is partly at ground level
and partly underground.

Chapala. This airport is the third most active in the country (after Mexico City and Cancn) with direct ights to
many Mexican and American cities. It also has a bustling
network of pedestrianised streets.[58]
Within the city itself, there are many forms of public
transportation. The Guadalajara light rail/metro system, named SITEUR (Sistema de Tren Elctrico Urbano), Spanish for Urban Electrical Train System, provides rapid transit service within Guadalajara and the
neighboring municipalities of Zapopan and Tlaquepaque.
It consists of two lines: line 1, running from north to
south, with 19 stations, and line 2, running from downtown to the east, with 10 stations. The trains are electric
and have a top speed of 70 km/h (43 mph). Currently
there are 48 articulated cars in service,[59] built in Mexico by Concarril/Bombardier.[60] Construction of a third
line began in 2014. Line 3 will run from Zapopan, in
the northwest, to Tlaquepaque and Tonal, in the southeast, via the city centre.[61] The Guadalajara Macrobus
is a public transportation system based on the concept
of Bus Rapid Transit, where buses run in lanes specifically for them and have stations for boarding. Phase I
of the Macrobs project opened in 2009 with a 16 km
long corridor following Calzada Independencia and serving 27 stations.[62] The Guadalajara trolleybus system has
been operating since the 1970s,[60][63] and there are private companies operating regular city buses.

8 Culture
Main article: Culture of Guadalajara
Guadalajara is the cultural center of western Mexico

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport

Guadalajara is well connected by modern highways to

Mexico City, to the northwest and to the major beach resorts of Manzanillo, Mazatln and Puerto Vallarta. The
main highways are Highway 15, which connects the city
northwestward to Nogales, Sonora, via Tepic, Nayarit
and eastwards to Mexico City via Morelia. Highway
80D leads northwest toward Aguascalientes, and Highway 54D leads southward to the coast via Colima.
The city is served by the Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
International Airport, also known as Guadalajara International Airport (ICAO code: MMGL) opened in 1966. It
is 16 km (10 mi) south of downtown Guadalajara, and it
was built on the Tlajomulco de Zuiga city, way down to

The Goddess Minerva statue

and the second most important cultural center in the

country.[43] It is nicknamed the Pearl of the West.
While it is a modern city, it has kept many of the rural traditions of Jalisco, such as mariachi and a strong
sense of Catholicism.[64] Cultural tourism is one of the
most important economic activities, especially in the historic center.[10] Guadalajara is a center of learning with
six universities, two culinary institutes and a thriving art
scene.[64] Guadalajara has twenty two museums, which

10
include the Regional Museum of Jalisco, the Wax Museum, the Trompo Mgico childrens museum and the
Museum of Anthropology.[65] The Hospicio Cabaas in
the historic center is a World Heritage Site.[66] For these
attributes and others, the city was named an American
Capital of Culture in 2005.[67]
This city has been the cradle and dwelling of distinguished poets, writers, painters, actors, lm directors and
representatives of the arts, etc., such as Jos Clemente
Orozco, Dr. Atl, Roberto Montenegro, Alejandro Zohn,
Luis Barragn, Carlos Orozco Romero, Federico Fabregat, Raul Anguiano, Juan Soriano, Javier Campos Cabello, Martha Pacheco, Alejandro Colunga, Jos Fors,
Juan Kraeppellin, Davis Birks, Carlos Vargas Pons, Jis,
Trino, Erandini, Enrique Oroz, Rubn Mndez, Mauricio
Toussaint, Scott Neri, Paula Santiago, Edgar Cobian,
L. Felipe Manzano, and (the artist formerly known
as Mevna); the freeplay guitarist and music composer
for the movies El Mariachi and The Legend of Zorro,
Paco Rentera; important exponents of literature such
as Juan Rulfo, Francisco Rojas, Agustn Yez, Elas
Nandino, Idella Purnell, Jorge Souza, among others;
classic repertoire composers like Gonzalo Curiel, Jos
Pablo Moncayo, Antonio Navarro, Ricardo Zohn, Carlos
Snchez-Gutirrez and Gabriel Pareyon; lm directors
like Felipe Cazals, Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, Erik
Stahl, Guillermo del Toro; and actors like Katy Jurado,
Enrique Alvarez Felix, and Gael Garca Bernal.

8 CULTURE
denser in Guadalajara than in the rest of the country)
lled with pork and other ingredients. Then the sandwich
is covered in a red tomato/chili pepper sauce.
Other dishes that are popular here include pozole, a
soup prepared with hominy, chicken or pork and various condiments and pipin, which is a sauce prepared
with peanuts, squash and sesame seed. Bionico is a
popular local dessert. The city hosts the Feria Internacional Gastronoma (International Gastronomy Fair) each
year in September showcasing Mexican and international
cuisines. A large number of restaurants, bars, bakeries
and cafs participate as well as producers of beer, wine
and tequila.[68]
The bread or bolillos mentioned above are usually called
birotes in Guadalajara. They are a crusty dense baguette
style bread like that associated with Italy or France, and
are very dierent from the soft bolillos found in most of
the rest of Mexico.
Mariachi music is strongly associated with Guadalajara
both in Mexico and abroad even though the musical
style originated in the nearby town of Cocula, Jalisco.
The connection between the city and mariachi began in
1907 when an eight-piece mariachi band and four dancers
from the city performed on stage at the presidents residence for both Porrio Daz and the secretary of State
of the United States. This made the music a symbol of
west Mexico, and after the migration of many people
from the Guadalajara area to Mexico City (mostly settling near Plaza Garibaldi), it then became a symbol of
Mexican identity as well[70] Guadalajara hosts the Festival of Mariachi and Charreria, which began in 1994.
It attracts people in the elds of art, culture and politics
from Mexico and abroad. Regularly the best mariachis in
Mexico participate, such as Mariachi Vargas, Mariachi
de Amrica and Mariachi los Camperos de Nati Cano.
Mariachi bands from all over the world participate, coming from countries such as Venezuela, Cuba, Belgium,
Chile, France, Australia, Slovak Republic, Canada and
the United States.

Torta ahogada

The cuisine is a mix of pre-Hispanic and Spanish inuences, like the rest of Mexico, but dishes have their own
avors and are made with local techniques.
One of the main distinguishing dishes is birria. This is
goat or lamb meat cooked in a spicy sauce seasoned with
chili peppers, ginger, cumin, black pepper, oregano and
cloves.[68] The traditional way of preparing birria is to pit
roast the meat and spices wrapped in maguey leaves.[69] It
Jalisco Philarmonic Orchestra playing at the Degollado Theater
is served in bowls with minced onion, limes and tortillas. of Guadalajara
Another dish that is strongly associated with Guadalajara
is tortas ahogadas, literally drowned tortas (sub sand- The events of this festival take place in venues all
wiches). This sandwich is an oblong bolillo bun (made over the metropolitan area.[71][72] and includes a parade

11
with oats.[72] In August 2009, 542 mariachi musicians
played together for a little over ten minutes to break the
worlds record for largest mariachi group. The musicians
played various songs ending with two classic Mexican
songs "Cielito Lindo" and "Guadalajara. The feat was
performed during the XVI Encuentro Internacional del
Mariachi y la Charreria. The prior record was 520 musicians in 2007 in San Antonio, Texas.[73]

tinue fundraising for the orchestra. In 1971, the orchestra became aliated with the Department of Fine Arts
of the State of Jalisco. The current name was adopted
in 1988, as it became the orchestra for the state, not just
the city of Guadalajara although it remains based here.
International soloists such as Paul Badura-Skoda, Claudio Arrau, Jrg Demus, Henryck Szeryng, Nicanor Zabaleta, Plcido Domingo, Kurt Rydl and Alfred Brendel
have performed with the organization. Today the orchesIn the historic center of the city is the Plaza de los Mari[76]
achis, named such as many groups play here. The plaza tra is under the direction of Marco Parisotto.
was renovated for the 2011 Pan American Games in an- The city is also host to several dance and ballet compaticipation of the crowds visiting. Over 750 mariachi mu- nies such as the Chamber Ballet of Jalisco, the Folkloric
sicians play traditional melodies on the plaza, and along Ballet of the University of Guadalajara, and University
with the restaurants and other businesses, the plaza sup- of Guadalajara Contemporary Ballet.
ports more than 830 families.[74] A recent innovation has Guadalajara is also known for several large cultural festibeen the fusion of mariachi melodies and instruments vals. The International Film Festival of Guadalajara[77] is
with rock and roll performed by rock musicians in the a yearly event which happens in March. It mostly focuses
Guadalajara area. An album collecting a number of these on Mexican and Latin American lms; however lms
melodies was produced called Mariachi Rock-O. There from all over the world are shown. The event is sponsored
are plans to take these bands on tour in Mexico, the by the Universidad de Guadalajara, CONACULTA, the
United States and Europe.[75]
Instituto Mexicano de Cinematographa as well as the
governments of the cities of Guadalajara and Zapopan.
The 2009 festival had over 200 lms shown in more than
16 theatres and open-air forums, such as the inatable
screens set up in places such as Chapultepec, La Rambla
Catalua and La Minerva. In that year, the event gave out
awards totaling 500,000 USD. The event attracts names
such as Mexican director Guillermo del Toro, Greek director Constantin Costa-Gavras, Spanish actor Antonio
Banderas and U.S. actor Edward James Olmos.[78]
The Guadalajara International Book Fair is the largest
Spanish language book fair in the world held each year
over nine days at the Expo Guadalajara.[79][80] Over
300 publishing rms from 35 countries regularly attend,
demonstrating the most recent productions in books,
videos and new communications technologies. The event
awards prizes such as the Premio FIL for literature, the
Premio de Literatura Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, also for
literature, and the Reconocimento al Mrito Editorial for
publishing houses. There is an extensive exposition of
books and other materials in Spanish, Portuguese and
English, covering academia, culture, the arts and more
for sale. More than 350,000 people attend from Mexico and abroad.[79] In 2009, Nobel prize winner Orhan
Pamuk, German childrens author Cornelia Funke and
Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa participated with
about 500 other authors present.[81] Activities include
Hospicio Cabaas
book presentations, academic talks, forums, and events
[80]
The city is home to a renowned symphony orchestra. The for children.
Orquesta Filarmnica de Jalisco (Jalisco Philarmonic Or- The Festival Cultural de Mayo (May Cultural Festival)
chestra) was founded by Jos Roln in 1915. It held began in 1988. In 2009, the event celebrated the 400th
concerts from that time until 1924, when state funding anniversary of relations between Mexico and Japan, with
was lost. However, the musicians kept playing to keep many performances and exhibitions relation to Japanese
the orchestra alive. This eventually caught the attention culture. The 2009 festival featured 358 artists in 118 acof authorities and funding was restated in 1939. Private tivities. Each year a dierent country is invited. Past
funding started in the 1940s and in 1950, an organization guests have been Germany (2008), Mexico (2007), Spain
called Conciertos Guadalajara A. C. was formed to con-

12
(2006) and Austria (2005). France is the 2013 guest.[82]

10 SPORTS
Modern

Despite the Guadalajara area historically being an eth Eclectic

nically Caxcan region, the Nahua peoples form the ma Art Deco
jority of Guadalajaras indigenous population.[83] There
are several thousand indigenous language speakers in
Neo-Gothic
Guadalajara although the majority of the indigenous population is integrated within the general population and can
The modern architecture of Guadalajara has a numerspeak Spanish.[83]
ous gures of dierent architectural production from the
neo-regionalism to the primitiveness of the 60s. Some of
these architects are: Rafael Urzua, Luis Barragn, Ignacio
9 Architecture
Daz Morales, Pedro Castellanos, Eric Coufal, Julio de la
Pea, Eduardo Ibez Valencia, Flix Aceves Ortega
The style of architecture prevalent in Europe during the
founding of Guadalajara is paralleled in the citys colonial
buildings. The Metropolitan Cathedral and Teatro Degollado are the purest examples of neoclassical architecture.
The historical center hosts religious and civil colonial Panoramic of Guadalajara downtown Plaza de la Liberacin
buildings, which are noted for their architectural and historical signicance and are a rich mix of styles which are
rooted in indigenous cultural contributions (mainly from
Ute origin), incorporated in the Mozarabic and castizo, 10 Sports
and later in modern European inuences (mainly French
and Italian) and American (specically, from the United
States). The French-inspired Lafayette neighborhood
has many ne examples of early 20th-century residences
that were later converted into boutiques and restaurants.
Guadalajaras historical center has an excellent assortment of museums, theaters, galleries, libraries, auditoriums and concert halls, particular mention may be made to
Hospicio Cabaas (which dates from the 18th century),
the Teatro Degollado (considered the oldest opera house
in Mexico), the Teatro Galeras and the Teatro Diana.
The Hospicio Cabaas, which is home to some of the
paintings (murals and easel) by Jos Clemente Orozco,
was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997.
Among the many structures of beauty is the International Chivas banner in a game at Jalisco Stadium
Headquarters Temple of La Luz del Mundo in Colonia
Hermosa Provincia, which is the largest in Latin America.
During the Porriato the French style invaded the city
because of the passion of former president Porrio Daz
in the trends of French style, also Italian architects were
responsible for shaping the Gothic structures that were
built in the city. The passage of time reected dierent
trends from the baroque to churrigueresque, Gothic and
neoclassical pure. Even the architectural lines typical of
the decades of the 40s, 50s and 60s the Art Deco and
bold lines of postmodern architects of the time. Some
Omnilife Stadium
architectural styles found in the city are:
Incipient Baroque
Baroque
Viceregal
Neoclassical

Guadalajara is home to three professional football teams;

Guadalajara, also known as Chivas, Atlas and Universidad
de Guadalajara. Guadalajara is the most successful and
the most followed club in the country,[84] Atlas also plays
in the Mexican Primera Divisin, due to their ne football game style of playing, they are known in the country
as 'The Academy', hence they have provided Mexicos

13
March and runs along Avenida Independencia. The PanAmerican village was built around the Bajio Zone. After the Games, the buildings will be used for housing.
There are already 13 existing venues in Guadalajara that
the games will use, including the Jalisco Stadium, UAG
3 de Marzo Stadium, and the UAG Gymnasium. Eleven
new sporting facilities were created for the event. Other
works included a second terminal in the airport, a highway to Puerto Vallarta and a bypass for the southern part
of the city.[86]

Jalisco Stadium

nest football players, among them: Rafael Mrquez,

Oswaldo Snchez, Pvel Pardo, Andrs Guardado, and
Mexico national teams top scorer Jared Borgetti. Atlas, also won several Championships on Amateur Tournaments, and rst Football Championship of a Guadalajara Team back in 1951. Atlas fans are collectively called
La Fiel (the faithful) by themselves; younger followers
are gathered as Barra 51 ; La Barra 51 is a strong
organized supporter group. His name recalls Atlas the
year of rst championship in the Primera Divisin de
Mxico in 1951. Estudiantes was associated with the
Universidad Autnoma de Guadalajara A.C.. It played
in the Primera Divisin, with home games in the Estadio
3 de Marzo (March 3 Stadium, for the Universitys 1935
date of founding). They've won also a single Championship back in 1994 as they defeated Santos. The team
moved to Zacatecas and became the Mineros de Zacatecas in May 2014.

Lorena Ochoa, a retired and former #1 female golfer,

Formula One driver Sergio Prez who drives for Sahara
Force India F1 Team and Javier Hernndez, a forward
who currently plays for Bayer Leverkusen and the Mexico
national team were also born in the city.

11 Notable people
Agustn Yez, Writer and politician
Mariano Otero, Governor and writer
Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena, Scientist and Inventor
Dr. Atl, Artist and Writer
Javier Hernndez, Soccer Player
Guillermo Chvez Vega Artist
Guillermo del Toro, Filmmaker and Writer

Starting in October 2014, Guadalajara rejoined the Liga

Mexicana del Pacco baseball tournament with the
Charros de Jalisco franchise in play at the Athletic Stadium. Charreada, the Mexican form of rodeo and closely
tied to mariachi music, is popular here. The biggest place
for Charreada competitions, the VFG Arena, is located
near the Guadalajara Airport founded by singer Vicente
Fernndez. Every September 15, charros make a parade
in the downtown streets to celebrate the Charro and Mariachi Day.[71]

Luis Barragn, Architect.

Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan American Games.[85]

Since winning the bid to host the Games, the city had
been undergoing extensive renovations. The games
brought in more than 5,000 athletes from approximately
42 countries from the Americas and the Caribbean.
Sports included aquatics, football, racquetball and 27
more, with six others being considered. COPAG (the
Organizing Committee for the Pan American Games
Guadalajara 2011) had a total budget of $250 million
USD with the aim of updating the citys sports and general infrastructure. The center of the city was repaved
and new hotels were constructed for the approximately
22,000 rooms that were needed in 2011. The new bus
rapid transit (BRT) system, Macrobs, was launched in

Andrs Guardado, Soccer Player

Ramn Corona, general and diplomat.

Jos Mara Vigil, Writer
Pepe Guzar, Compositer
Sal lvarez, Boxer

Lorena Ochoa, Golfer

Vicente Fernndez, Singer, Actor, Film producer
Alejandro Fernndez, Singer
Ignacio Vallarta, Jurist and governor
Sergio Prez, F1 racing driver
Fher Olvera, Musician, songwriter
Jorge Blanco Gerea Actor and singer

14

15

12

Sister cities

13

See also

Hospicio Cabaas an UNESCO World Heritage

Site in Guadalajara
Panten de Beln

14

Notes

[1] Not according Milans website

15

References

[1] Diccionario de la lengua espaola |Real Academia Espaola

[2] guadalajarense - Denicin - WordReference.com
[3] Guadalajara, entry in Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1),
accessed March 18, 2008, retranscribed into IPA
[4] Guadalajara, Jalisco. Mxico en Cifras: Informacin
Nacional, Por Entidad Federativa y Municipios (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Geografa. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
[5] Consejo Nacional de Poblacin, Mxico; Proyecciones de
la Poblacin de Mxico 2005-2050 Retrieved on 200810-18.
[6] Consejo Nacional de Poblacin, Mxico; Delimitacin de
las zonas metropolitanas de Mxico 2005 Retrieved on
2008-10-18.
[7] Juan Carlos Aceros Gualdron. Scripta Nova. Ub.es.
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16

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Capitals of Culture] (in Spanish). Retrieved January 27,
2010.
[68] Guadalajara Gastronoma [Guadalajara Gastronomy]
(in Spanish). Mexico: Visiting Mexico (SECTUR). Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[69] La Birria (in Spanish). Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[70] Turino, Thomas (Fall 2003). Nationalism and Latin
American music: Selected case studies and theoretical considerations. Revista de Msica Latinoamericana
(Austin, Texas) 24 (2): 169.
[71] 16th Encuentro Nacional del Mariachi y la Charrera
Historia [16th National Encounter of Mariachi and Charreada History] (in Spanish). Retrieved January 27,
2010.

16

EXTERNAL LINKS

[83] Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mxico.

local.gob.mx. Retrieved 2012-12-02.

E-

[84] Chivas, el preferido de Mxico (Spanish)

[85] The ocial Web site of XVI PAN AMERICAN
GAMES. Guadalajara2011.org.mx. Archived from the
original on December 2, 2012. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
[86] Glover, Michael (June 13, 2009). Guadalajara Prepares
for 2011 PanAmerican Games. Banderas News (Puerto
Vallarta). Retrieved January 28, 2010.
[87] Sister Cities, Public Relations. Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on March 2,
2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
[88] Sister Cities International (SCI)". Sister-cities.org. Retrieved 2013-04-21.

[72] Mariachi hace vibrar a Guadalajara [Marachi makes

Guadalajara vibrate] (in Spanish). 2008-09-02. Retrieved January 27, 2010.

[89] NOTCIAS DO LEGISLATIVO (in Portuguese). Cmara Municipal de Curitiba. July 24, 2006. Retrieved
March 14, 2013.

[73] Mxico suma a rcords otro por mariachis [Mexico adds

another record for mariachis]. CNN Expansion (in Spanish). 2009-08-31. Retrieved January 27, 2010.

[90] Sister Cities of Kyoto City. City of Kyoto. Archived

from the original on 2014-01-21. Retrieved 2014-01-21.

[74] Informador Redaccin (2009-02-28). Rehabilitacin de

Plaza de los Mariachis, a cargo de particular [Rehabilitation of the Plaza de los Mariachis in private hands]. El Informador (in Spanish) (Guadalajara, Mexico). Retrieved
January 27, 2010.
[75] ""Mariachi Rock-O, un nuevo sonido de Jalisco [Mariachi Rock-O, a new sound from Jalisco]. El Informador
(in Spanish) (Guadalajara, Mexico). 2009-08-25. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[76] Orquesta Filarmnica de Jalisco [Philharmonic Orchestra de Jalisco] (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico:
Orquesta Filarmnica de Jalisco. Retrieved January 27,
2010.
[77] 22nd Guadalajara International Film Festival. Guadalajaracinemafest.com. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
[78] Gonzlez, Mario (2008-11-16). Exhibirn 220 pelculas en 9 das; 12 mexicanas [Will exhibit 220 lms in 9
days; 12 Mexican]. Milenio (in Spanish) (Mexico City).
Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[79] Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara (FIL)" (in
Spanish). Mexico: CONACULTA. Retrieved January
27, 2010.
[80] Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara 2009 (in
Spanish). Mexico: Monitor Educativo Instituto de Investigacin Innovacin y Estudios de Posgrado para la Educacin. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[81] Feria Internacional del Libro de Guadalajara (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Mexicano de la Radio. 2009-1027. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
[82] Festival Cultural de Mayo (in Spanish). Guadalajara,
Mexico: Municipality of Guadalajara. Retrieved January
27, 2010.

[91] Chairman of the Committee for External Relations of St.

Petersburg, Business Petersburg, issue 54, 2007-03-30
[92] San Jose, California Gov. (Sister Cities)". Retrieved
2014.

16 External links
H. City Council of Guadalajara (Spanish)

17

17
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Guadalajara Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara?oldid=702923113 Contributors: Kpjas, Jagged, William Avery, Zoe,

Perique des Palottes, Olivier, Infrogmation, Menchi, Mike Linksvayer, WhisperToMe, Wik, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, Topbanana, Atirado,
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