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Bhopaldisaster

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ThispresentationdescribesaboutBhopalGasTragedy.Itsawesomeppt!Mustdownload..!!
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UCCproducedcarbarylusingMICasanintermediate.AftertheBhopalplantwasbuilt,othermanufacturersincludingBayerprod...
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Bhopaldisaster
1.1.TheBhopalDisasterwhichiscommonlyreferredtoasBhopalGasTragedywasagasleakincidentinIndia,consideredoneoftheworlds
worstindustrialcatastrophes.ItoccurredonthenightofDecember23,1984attheUnionCarbideIndiaLimited,apesticideplantinBhopal,Madhya
Pradesh,India.Aleakofmethylisocyanategasandotherchemicalsfromtheplantresultedintheexposureofhundredsandthousandsofpeople.
2.2.UCILwastheIndiansubsidiaryofUnionCarbideCorporation(UCC),withIndianGovernmentcontrolledbanksandtheIndianpublicholdinga49.1
percentstake.Itstartedin1969atthenorthernstateofIndia.Phosgene,Monomethlyamine,MethylIsocyanate(MIC)andthepesticideCarbaryl,also
knownasSevinweremanufacturedhere.
3.3.UCCproducedcarbarylusingMICasanintermediate.AftertheBhopalplantwasbuilt,othermanufacturersincludingBayerproducedcarbarylwithout
Methylamine(1)reactswithphosgene(2)producingmethylisocyanate(3)whichreactswith1naphthol(4)toyieldcarbaryl...
MIC,thoughatagreatermanufacturingcost.However,BayeralsousestheUCCprocessatthechemicalplantonceownedbyUCCatInstitute,
WestVirginia,USAandmanyotherstates.
4.4.Methylamine(1)reactswithphosgene(2)producingmethylisocyanate(3)whichreactswith1naphthol(4)toyieldcarbaryl(5)
5.5.Accordingtoonetheory:Waterleakedintotankfromvalveswhileworkerswerecleaningthecloggedpipewhichis400feetaboveit.Accordingto
theoryofUCC:Waterwasdirectlyintroducedintotankintentionallybyaworkerviaamissingpressuregauge.Itresultedinexothermicreactionandfinally
toaexplosion.
6.6.CauseOfBhopalDisaster
7.7.Useofamoredangerouspesticidemanufacturingmethodfordecreasinggenerationcost.Plantlocationclosetoadenselypopulatedarea.Plant
managementdeficiencieslike:Lackofskilledoperators,Reductionofsafetymanagement.Insufficientmaintenanceandinadequateemergencyaction
plans.
8.8.UCILdidntmaintainedsafetyrules.......Apipeleaked?Dontreplaceit.MICworkersneededmoretraining.Theycoulddowithless.TheMIC
tankalarmshadnotworkedforfouryears.Theflaretowerandtheventgasscrubberhadbeenoutofserviceforfivemonthsbeforethedisaster.To
reduceenergycosts,therefrigerationsystemwasidle.TheMICwaskeptat20degreesCelsius,notthe4.5degreesadvisedbythemanual.
9.9.Thesteamboiler,intendedtocleanthepipes,wasoutofactionforunknownreasons.Carbonsteelvalveswereusedatthefactory,eventhoughthey
corrodewhenexposedtoacid.AccordingtotheoperatorstheMICtankpressuregaugehadbeenmalfunctioningforroughlyaweekUCCadmittedin
theirowninvestigationreportthatmostofthesafetysystemswerenotfunctioningonthenightofDecember3,1984.
10.10.Itisestimatedthattotaldeathsareabout20,000upto20yearsafterdisaster.Itisestimated1,00,000to2,00,000peoplehavepermanent
injuries.Reportedsymptomsareeyeproblems,respiratorydifficulties,immuneandneurologicaldisorders,cardiacfailuresecondarytolunginjury,birth
defectsamongchildrenborntoaffectedwomen.Deadbodiesofvictimsofthatmassacre
11.11.Medicalstaffwereunpreparedforthethousandsofcasualties.DoctorsandhospitalswerenotinformedofpropertreatmentmethodsforMICgas
inhalation.Theyweretoldtosimplygivecoughmedicineandeyedropstotheirpatients.Thegasesimmediatelycausedvisibledamagetothetrees.Withina
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fewdays,alltheleavesfelloff.2,000bloatedanimalcarcasseshadtobedisposedof."OperationFaith":OnDecember16,thetanks611and619were
emptiedoftheremainingMIC.ThisledtoasecondmassevacuationfromBhopal.
12.12.Immediatereliefwasdecidedtwodaysafterthetragedy.Reliefmeasurescommencedin1985whenfoodwasdistributedforashortperiodandration
cardsweredistributed.WidowpensionoftherateofRs200/permonth(laterRs750)wasprovided.OnetimeexgratiapaymentofRs1,500tofamilies
withmonthlyincomeRs500orlesswasdecided.2,486flatsintwoandfourstorybuildingswereconstructedinthe"Widowscolony"outsideBhopal.
Thewaterdidnotreachtheupperfloors.Itwasnotpossibletokeepcattle.Infrastructurelikebuses,schools,etc.weremissingforatleastadecade.
13.13.Indiangovernmentclosedplanttooutsidersandfailedinmakingthedatapublic.TheCouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR)
wereforbiddentopublishtheirdataonhealtheffectsuntilafter1994TheIndianGovernmentandUCCdenypermanentinjurieswerecausedbyMICUCIL
paidatokenof$470millioneventhoughaskedatotalcompensationof$3.3billion.ButthegovernmentsaidnothingThegovernmentsentsafelyMr.
AndersontheCEOofUCILatthetimeofmassacre,toUSCivilandcriminalcasesarestillpendinginUnitedStatesDistrictCourt,Manhattanandthe
DistrictCourtofBhopal,India,involvingUCC,UCILemployees,andWarrenAnderson
14.14.MadeBy
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