Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Mitchell, Mark. "Literary Arts | Mitchell Collection of African American History." The Mitchell
Collection of African American History. Web. 19 Sept. 2015. Coolidge, Calvin.
This primary source (picture) helped me experience the appearance of Langston Hughes,
an important figure in the Harlem Renaissance. It helps visualize the day and age the
Harlem Renaissance took place.
"Poems of the Harlem Renaissance (19191931)." Encyclopedia of African-American Culture
and History. Ed. Colin A. Palmer. 2nd ed. Vol. 6. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA,
2006. 2449-2452. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.
This book I found on an online database helped me experience the writings of the African
American artists, and all the different styles of writings.
Jackson, Andrew. "James Langston Hughes." Www.opp2d.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015.
This online picture helped me witness the youth of Langston Hughes when he began his
career of writing.
Powell, Richard. "African American Art: Harlem Renaissance." African American Art: Harlem
Renaissance. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2015
This website exhibits pieces of the best artwork that the Harlem Renaissance artists
created.
Gates, Henry Louis. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. New York City:
W.W. Norton &, 1997. Print.
This book holds the literary arts of the Harlem Renaissances greatest poets, writers, and
contributors.

"Harlem Renaissance." Litmusicadaptation -. Wikispace. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

This website provides a visual of Harlem Renaissance intellectuals Langston Hughes,
Charles S. Johnson, E. Franklin Frazier, Rudolph Fisher, and Hubert T. Delaney together
as blacks exchanging rich ideas.
"Harlem Renaissance: Overview." Overview. Berry College, 28 Aug. 2015. Web. 12 Nov. 2015.
This website provided me with an image of Louis Armstrong, a musical icon of the
Harlem Renaissance.
Clough, Thomas. Hoodwinked: The Legacy of Robert Byrd. Hoodwinked: The Legacy of
Robert Byrd. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.
This website provides me with a visual of the Ku Klux Klan, a racist group that took
offense to African Americans.
Biography.com Editors. "Marcus Garvey Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d.
Web. 05 Dec. 2015.
The website provided me with an image of Marcus Garvey, the man who organized the
first UNIAs first convention.
Crenshaw, Dorothy. "Communication Lm Martin Luther King Jr." Www.crenshawcomm.com.
Crenshaw Communications, 20 Jan. 2014. Web. 4 Dec. 2015.
This website provided me with an image of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
"Part 4: The Decline and Possible Resuscitation of R&B." GoodMoMusic. N.p., 16 Mar. 2014.
Web. 06 Dec. 2015.
This website gave me a picture of the modern day rhythm and blues.
"How Cool Is This? The Crisis Digitized!" Africanamericana. N.p., 21 Mar. 2011. Web. 06 Dec.
2015.

This website provided an image of the first issue of The Crisis: A Record of the Darker
Races. It was a magazine that shared and spread the work of newly emerging artists.
"America's Black Holocaust Museum." Americas Black Holocaust Museum An Iconic Lynching
in the North Comments. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.
This website I discovered revealed a picture of the infamous group the KKK. It shows
two Blacks, Abraham Smith and Thomas Shipp.
"Zora Neale Hurston | American Author." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia
Britannica. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.
This website that I received by digging through research gave me an image of Zora Neale
Hurston, a poet, in her youth.
"A Brief History of the Ku Klux Klan." Www.histtorybuff.com. Wikimedia, n.d. Web.
This website gave me another image of the infamous group called the Ku Klux Klan. It
shows four of its members in front of the others, while of them are children.
Armstrong, Louis. What a Wonderful World. Bob Thiele, 1967. MP3.
This was an MP3 of one of Louis Armstrongs biggest hits, What a Wonderful World,
which is still a popular song today.

Secondary Sources
Lewis, David Levering. "Harlem Renaissance." Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and
History. Ed. Colin A. Palmer. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006.
998-1018. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.

This secondary source helped me with some of the background of my topic. I found
different effects and struggles the African Americans of that time went through.
Haber, Louis. Black Pioneers of Science and Invention. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World,
1970. Print.
This secondary source gives background on the lives of Black scientists and inventors
during the Harlem Renaissance.
Hardy, P. Stephen, and Sheila Hardy. Extraordinary People of the Harlem Renaissance.
Danbury: Children's, 2000. Print.
This book helped give me a quick and easy detailed summary of most of the contributors
of the Harlem Renaissance. It also had various quotes from different intellectuals from
the Harlem Renaissance. It also revealed a large amount of quotes from various
intellectuals.
Johnson, James. "August Wilson / The Playwright." Harlem Renaissance Timeline. Howard
University Libraries, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.
This website from Howard University shows me the order of events that happened during
the Harlem Renaissance using a timeline.
"Lynching." <i>Assumptions.edu</i>. Assumptions.edu, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2015.
This website gave me an entire background on lynching, the cruel actions that were done
to Blacks.
"The Roaring Twenties." History.com. A&E Television Networks. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.
This website provided me with a background of what was going on the 1920s besides the
Harlem Renaissance.
Katz, Neil. "Firm Handshake, Long Life?" CBSNews. CBS Interactive, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2016.

This website provided me with an image of a handshake with different ethnicities. This
helps the reader visualize that the time of the Harlem Renaissance was a completely
different time that we couldnt even imagine.