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PRACTICING STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS
BY
VARANASI .V.S.H.RAMA RAO
DISCIPLINE PROJECT MANAGER ( CIVIL AND STRUTURAL)
LINEAR ANALYSIS
CONTENTS
Solution procedures
Introduction to Non-Linear dynamic analysis
All loads are applied gradually and slowly until they reach their full magnitude
After reaching full magnitude the loads remain constant
Inertial and damping forces to small velocities and accelerations are neglected
Time variant loads that induce considerable inertial and damping forces may
warrant Dynamic Analysis
It calculates the displacements, stresses, strains and reaction forces under the affect of
applied loads.
General Equation of motion
[K] x = F
In the above equation x is independent of time.
External Load
Linearity
Non Linearity
Displacement
Linear Elastic : The curve is the linear and holds the same equation for both loading
and un loading
Non Linear Elastic: The curve is non linear and holds the same equation for both
loading and unloading ( not true for structural steels but can be true for materials
like rubber)
Mode shapes
Dynamic loads
Damping effects
If you apply some force and leave a system to vibrate, it will come to rest after
some time. This phenomenon is called damping
Damping is a physical phenomenon that dissipates energy by various
mechanisms like internal and external friction, air resistance etc
It is difficult to represent damping mathematically as it happens through
several mechanisms
For many cases damping effects are represented by equivalent viscous dampers
A viscous damper generates a force that is proportional to velocity .
Use modal time history analysis when the variation of each load with time is
known explicitly, and you are interested in the response as a function of time.
For linear systems, the system of n equations of motion can be de-coupled into
n single-degree-of-freedom equations in terms of the modal displacement
vector {x}:
[x]= {}u
Substituting this in the main equation of motion and pre multiplying {} T with
we get
{} T[M] {} u(t) + {} T [C] {} u ( t) + {} T [K] {} u = {} T F(t)
The normal modes satisfy the orthogonality property, and the modal matrix is
normalized to satisfy the following equations:
{} T[M] {} =1
{} T [C] {} = 2 [] []
{} T [K] {}= [2]
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
This analysis is used to calculate steady state peak response due to harmonic
loading or base excitations.
Although you can create a modal time history study and define loads as functions of
time, you may not be interested in the transient variation of the response with
time. In such cases, you save time and resources by solving for the steady-state
peak response at the desired operational frequency range using harmonic analysis.
The normal modes are calculated first to decouple the equations of motion with the use of
generalized modal coordinates. The maximum modal responses are determined from the base
excitation response spectrum. With the use of modal combination techniques, the maximum
structural response is calculated by summing the contributions from each mode
Non linear analysis is needed if the loading produces a significant changes in the
stiffness
Linear Response
Nonlinear Response
Displacement
The problem with this approach is that errors accumulate with each load
increment, causing the final results to be out of equilibrium.
External Load
Calculated
Response
Error
Nonlinear Response
Displacement
Fnr
{F}
4 equilibrium
iterations
Du
Displacement
Some nonlinear analyses have trouble converging. Advanced analysis techniques are
available in such cases.
In this analysis ,unlike linear dynamic analysis the mass , damping and stiffness matrix
are varying and get updated during each iteration.
[M] t+ t {U '' } (i) + [C] t+ t {U ' } (i) + t+ t [K] (i) t+ t [ D U] (i) = t+ t {R} - t+ t {F} (i-1)
Thank you