OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:

a. Identify the parts and function of Digestive System

b. Study the importance of Digestive System
c. Locate the parts of the Digestive System

III. PROCEDURE TEACHERS ACTIVITY STUDENTS ACTIVITY A. Preparatory Activity 1. Prayer One student
will lead the class Redly Let us prayIn the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit 2.
Greetings Good Morning Tr. Precious Good Morning Tr. Baby Good Morning Sir Louie Good Morning Sir Sam
Good Morning Madam Cantos Good Morning Classmates
1. Motivation PUZZLE OK class proceed to your respective group and area. DIRECTIONS: Inside the envelop
are cut pictures Reform the pictures *After solving the puzzle What is your idea about the picture that
you come up with? (the student will proceed to their group) (Students will start solving the puzzle.) *Its
Digestive System 2. Presentation Do you have any knowledge about the Digestive System? *It breaks down
food
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

3. Discussion *Digestive system takes food into the body. Who can explain which means *It breaks down
food into bits, small enough to pass through the cell membrane *What do you call the process of breaking
down foods? After that process the food is now put into the blood. *Do you have any idea on the different
parts of Digestive System? Can you give one Redly? The system responsible for food after we eat is
Digestive System. *Digestion *mouth *esophagus *small and large intestine
7. *And now lets follow the food as it passes the digestive system. First food enters the mouth where it is
chewed by our teeth, wets by our saliva a fluid produced by salivary gland that contains PYTALIN an
enzyme that speeds up break down of starch into sugar. From the mouth food pass through the
ESOPHAGUS which transact food from the mouth to the stomach by a movement called PERISTALSIS.
8. *From the esophagus food enters to the STOMACH through a ring shaped muscle called CARDIAC
sphincter. Peristalsis mixed food with gastric juices that will result in the churned semi liquid called CHYME.
The chime leaves the stomach through pyloric sphincter and enters SMALL INTESTINE. The small intestine
signal the pancreas to produce pancreatic juices and gall bladder to release bile.
9. Pancreatic juices aids in digestion of protein, carbohydrates and fats. Bile is produced in the liver and
stored in the GALL BLADDER. It break down fats into smaller droplets. What organ produces bile? How
about the one that stores bile? After digestion absorption will take place. What are the substance that was
absorbed by small intestine? *liver *gall bladder *Nutrients
10. Small intestines the remains of the digestion and absorption are now enters the LARGE INTESTINE
where absorption of water occurs. The remains after water has been absorbed are now called STOOL or
FECES then it will be stored in the rectum then excrete to the anus. 4. Generalization Form your group
again Study the picture or puzzle that youve solve earlier. Trace the flow of food in the Digestive System
and give its importance then discuss it in front. The leader will be the one to discuss. Students will proceed
to their group Discuss the process with their group mates Present the flow of Digestive System in front
11. 5. Application Identify the organ that is being described then point the specific organ on the chart. 6.
Evaluation Identification: Identify the following statement. Write your answer on your paper. 1. It is the
enzyme that is present in our saliva. 2. It produces the bile. 3. It stores the bile. 4. It is the remains of
Digestion after absorption of water. 5. It is the absorption of water takes place.
12. IV. Agreement Make a research about the different Digestive disorders. Write it your assignment
notebook.

Basic Anatomy - The Digestive System

Our bodies do so many things that we take for granted such as how our hearts pump and keep blood circulating
throughout the body or how the brain has to send out signals throughout the body in order for any part of the body to
work. Then there is food. We eat food and dont ever think of what process the body has to go through to break down
that food, absorb the nutrients, vitamins, minerals and then distribute the energy derived from the food. The food
breakdown
goes
through
a
long
process
known
as
the
digestive
system.
The digestive system involves several different organs and glands. In simple terms, the digestive system is a long,
twisting tube that runs from the mouth to the anus. This tube passes through other organs such as the stomach, the
liver, the pancreas and the intestines.

Digestion

Beginning

to

End

The digestive process actually begins at the mouth where food and liquids are consumed. Chewing begins the
process of breaking down the food into smaller particles. In addition, fluid in your mouth called saliva, which is
produced by the salivary glands, contains an enzyme that begins to break down the starches in food into smaller
molecules. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemicals actions in the body to break down food.

After food is chewed it passes on to the esophagus. This is where the tube runs from the mouth to the stomach. The
esophagus uses muscle movements, almost like a wave movement, to move the food down to the stomach.

From the esophagus the food enters into the stomach which is an organ much like an empty sack. In the stomach
the food is churned around for 1 to 2 hours where it is further broken down by gastric acid. The food that is mixed
with

gastric

acid

is

now

called chyme.

After being broken down in the stomach, the chyme then begins its journey through the intestines. The small
intestine comes

first

and

eventually

the

chyme

makes

its

way

into

the larger

intestine.

The first part of the small intestine is called the duodenum while the middle part of the small intestine is called
the jejunum. Finally the chyme passes through the ileum which is the last section of the small intestine.

While passing through the small intestine, bile is produced in the liver and then it is stored in the gall bladder. Next,
pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas, as well as other digestive enzymes that are produced in the lining of the
small

intestine

continue

to

break

chyme

(food)

down

even

further.

Finishing its journey through the small intestine, the broken down food now passes to the large intestine. The large
intestine contains many different microbes. Microbes are bacteria that further help to break down food particles.
While passing through the large intestine, water and electrolyte (various chemicals that include sodium) are removed
from

the

food.

Like the small intestine, the large intestine also contains several different parts. The first part is called the cecum.
(The appendix is connected to the cecum but the appendix does not take part in the digestive process.) The next part
of the large intestine is known as the ascending colon. Following the ascending colon is the transverse
colon which then twists back down to the opposite side of the body to the descending colon. Finally, the food
passes

to

the sigmoid

colon.

The now thoroughly broken down food is stored as wastes in the rectum and then removed from the body through
the anus.
Your digestive system is uniquely designed to turn the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy,
growth and cell repair. Here's how it works.
Mouth

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon as you take the first bite of a
meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the
process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use.

Throat

Also called the pharynx, the throat is the next destination for food you've eaten. From here, food travels to
the esophagus or swallowing tube.
Esophagus

The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. By means of a series of contractions,
called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to the stomach. Just before the connection to the stomach there is a
"zone of high pressure," called the lower esophageal sphincter; this is a "valve" meant to keep food from passing
backwards into the esophagus.
Stomach

The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding the food, it's also a mixer and
grinder. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking down the food.
When it leaves the stomach, food is the consistency of a liquid or paste. From there the food moves to the small
intestine.

Small Intestine

Made up of three segments, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the small intestine is a long tube loosely coiled in
the abdomen (spread out, it would be more than 20 feet long). The small intestine continues the process of breaking
down food by using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile is a compound that aids in the
digestion of fat and eliminates waste products from the blood. Peristalsis (contractions) is also at work in this organ,
moving food through and mixing it up with digestive secretions. The duodenum is largely responsible for continuing
the process of breaking down food, with the jejunum and ileum being mainly responsible for the absorption
of nutrients into the bloodstream.
Small Intestine continued...

Three organs play a pivotal role in helping the stomach and small intestine digest food:
PancreasAmong other functions, the oblong pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine. These enzymes
break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food we eat.
LiverThe liver has many functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive systemare to make and secrete
bile, and to cleanse and purify the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed.
Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped reservoir that sits just under the liver and stores bile. Bile is made in the liver then
travels to the gallbladder through a channel called the cystic duct. During a meal, the gallbladder contracts, sending
bile to the small intestine.
Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover liquid has passed through the small intestine, what is left of
the food you ate is handed over to the large intestine, orcolon.
Colon (Large Intestine)The colon is a 5- to 6-foot-long muscular tube that connects the cecum (the first part of the
large intestine to the rectum (the last part of the large intestine). It is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right)
colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon (so-called for its "S" shape;
the Greek letter for S is called the sigma), which connects to the rectum.

Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis
(contractions), first in a liquid state and ultimately in solid form as the water is removed from the stool. A stool is
stored in the sigmoid colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes
about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria
perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food

particles, and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it
empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination.
Rectum

The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to
receive stool from the colon, to let you know there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation
happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brainthen
decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters (muscles) relax and the rectum
contracts, expelling its contents. If the contents cannot be expelled, the sphincters contract and the rectum
accommodates, so that the sensation temporarily goes away.
Anus

The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It consists of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters
(internal and external muscles). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets us know
whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the
anus that stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed to. The anal sphincters provide fine control of stool.
The internal sphincter keeps us from going to the bathroom when we are asleep, or otherwise unaware of the
presence of stool. When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to keep the stool in
until we can get to the toilet.

The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory
system and are taken to where they are needed in the body.

There are four stages to food processing:

1.

Ingestion: taking in food

2.

Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients

3.

Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells

4.

Egestion: removing any leftover wastes

5.

Types
1.

Mechanical (physical)
1.

Chew

2.

Tear

3.

Grind

4.

Mash

5.
2.

Mix

Chemical
1.

Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of

1.

Carbohydrates

2.

Proteins

3.

Lipids